Thursday, December 26, 2019

A Study On Stanford Prison Experiment Essay - 838 Words

I. INTRODUCTION a. Attention Getter: Back in my sophomore year of high school I was enrolled to take the introduction to psychology course. A few weeks into the semester my teacher started class by stating that we would be learning about the Stanford Prison Experiment. We spent the entire day learning and discussing how this experiment influenced the world today. I was so infatuated with everything there was to learn. From the actual situation they were placed in to how the participants were effected. This experiment is one of the main reasons I fell in love with psychology. b. Relevance: The Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated the theory that in certain situations people can change and do inhuman actions that they wouldn’t ordinarily do. c. Credibility Statement: For this assignment I have spent a great deal of time researching everything there is to know about the Stanford Prison Experiment in order to present the most accurate information. d. Central Idea: To inform my audience about the important role the Stanford Prison Experiment plays in psychology. e. Initial Preview: I will discuss the Stanford Prison Experiment, the roles that each member played, and what Dr. Phillip Zimbardo learned. Transition to 1st main point: It’s important to first focus on a general overview of what happened during the experiment. II. BODY a. Point #1: Summary of Experiment i. The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) took place in August of 1971. 24 college student volunteers wereShow MoreRelatedA Study On The Stanford Prison Experiment Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe Stanford Prison Experiment was a study done involving college students who were placed in a prison simulation and observed in the roles of both guards and prisoners. At the time of the study in 1971, it was a very controversial experiment, most likely due to both the nature of the experiment and the results, including the early dismissal of some of the students. In the following pages, this experiment will be examined from many different angles. The first angle that this paper will lookRead MoreResearch Study On Stanford Prison Experiment1027 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Design and Method: Name the experiment or research you have chosen: Stanford Prison Experiment Name the researcher/s involved: Phillip Zimbardo When was the experiment conducted? 1970 s What is the Research Problem being studied? (Step One) The research problem being studied is; how does the attitude of the administrate in a prison effect the lives and mindset of the inmates in the prison? that the state of the social institution of prison is due to the ‘nature of the peopleRead MoreThe Tuskegee Syphilis Study And The Stanford Prison Experiment883 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the history of psychological studies unprincipled violations have constructed ethical standards that are essential in today’s research. These moral dilemmas created established professional and federal standards for performing research with human and animal participants, known as, psychological ethical codes. The Tuskegee syphilis study and the Stanford prison experiment highlighted a psychological study without proper patients’ consent and appropriate treatment, resulting in a researchRead MoreThe Tuskegee Study, Obedience, And The Stanford Prison Experiment1638 Words   |  7 Pageshits us in cases like the Tuskegee study, the obedience to authority study, and the Stanford prison experiment. The Tuskegee study is a prime example of why ethical treatment is necessary. This study took place in 1932 and dealt with African Americans who had contracted Syphilis. They were told they would get free medical exams, free meals, and burial insurance in exchange for participating in the study. The catch was that the people participating in the study who had syphilis were not treatedRead MoreA Critical Review Of Zimbardo s Stanford Prison Experiment And The Bbc Prison Study1510 Words   |  7 PagesA critical review of Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment and the BBC Prison Study Introduction Tyranny is defined: an unequal social system involving the arbitrary or oppressive use of power by one group over another (Reicher Haslam, 2006). The link made between groups and tyranny has a long history in social psychology being prominent nearly 2,400 years ago with the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle believed that collective rule leads to moral irresponsibility, haphazardness and isRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment1658 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant issues today. The Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted over 40 years ago, brought these ethical issues into the limelight and remains one of the most controversial studies in the history of studying human behavior. This paper aims to define ethics, describe risk/benefit ratio, provide a brief background on the Stanford Prison Experiment, and evaluate the impact it has had on psychological research. â€Æ' The Stanford Prison Experiment The Stanford Prison Experiment probably tops a lot of listsRead MoreSocial Psychology Experiment : The Stanford Prison Experiment967 Words   |  4 Pagessocial psychology experiment, The Stanford Prison Experiment, many have asked whether or not this experiment can really portray how imprisonment can effect an individual. While some say that this experiment is a great representation of the effects caused due to imprisonment, others argue that the experiment was not realistic enough to say it had real effects. Social psychologists Craig Haney and Philip Zimbardo, also the creators of the Stanford Prison Experiment, state that the experiment stimulated aRead MoreA Report On The Stanford Prison Experiment904 Words   |  4 Pages A Report on the Stanford Prison Experiment of 1971 I. Introduction: This report on the Stanford Prison Experiment will define the ethical issues related to prisoner treatment and prison culture in a mock scenario created 1971. The findings of this study define the inclination towards corruption and riotous behavior within the overarching relationship between guard and the prisoners. In a short period of time,. The prisoners became hostile and sought to start a riot in order to free themselvesRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiments1627 Words   |  7 PagesMollie Herrick Professor Ronnfeldt WRC 1013, 0B2 September 26, 2014 The Stanford Prison Experiments The Stanford Prison Experiments, which happened over forty years ago, showed how power, and being powerless, would change and affect a person to do things they wouldn’t normally do. The experiment was started to show what being in the situation of prison would do to a person psychologically. â€Å"I wanted to know who wins -- good people or an evil situation -- when they were brought into direct confrontation†(ZimbardoRead MoreI Chose The Topic Of Prison Psychology With A Focus On1198 Words   |  5 PagesI chose the topic of prison psychology with a focus on the Stanford prison experiment and the psychological effects of systematic abuse. Zimbardo, Philip G. Revisiting the Stanford Prison Experiment: A Lesson in the Power of Situation. The Chronicle of Higher Education, no. 30, 2007. EBSCOhost, ezproxy.uhd.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=edsgbcAN=edsgcl.161992127site=eds-livescope=site. The Stanford Prison Experiment was a study on the psychological effects

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Capital Budgeting Essay - 1391 Words

Capital Budgeting Essay (Derived from Chapter 17: Long-Term Investment Analysis) Title: The Lorie-Savage Problem BUS 505 – Multinational Economics of Technology Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction – Lorie-Savage Problem 3 1.1 Thesis Statement 3 2.0 Supporting Research 4 3.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 6 References 7 1.0 Introduction – Lorie-Savage Problem The Lorie-Savage problem is a problem introduced in 1955 that addresses the issue in how to allocate capital (or resources) among competing investment opportunities with constraints on the available resources. (Lorie amp; Savage, 1955, p. 229) In defining this problem, Lorie-Savage structures it by outlining three separate scenarios: 1) Given the cost of†¦show more content†¦(Lorie amp; Savage, 1955, p. 234) Turns out this is an Integer Programming optimization problem as it has identified constraints with the end output being to either accept an investment (using the integer 1), or decline (using the integer 0). Since the Lagrange Multipliers are real values, this is more specifically classified as a Mixed Integer Programming problem. (Trick, 1998) Their research proved to be revolutionary as this strayed from the traditional accepted method in using IRR, and this research has evolved since. One example of this is demonstrated where Seymour Kaplan introduced the concept of applying the Generalized Lagrange Multiplier (G.L.M.) method with Integer Programming, using the Lorie-Savage problem as a basis for comparison, that found favorable results in the effectiveness of G.L.M. in producing optimal solutions using NPV to make investment decisions. (Kaplan, 1966, p. 1136) Building on this research was th e introduction of using genetic algorithms (GA) to solve capital budgeting problems in allowing financial analysts to find optimal investment combinations for various situations, such as the multiple tax-structures a company may encounter. (Berry amp; Manongga, 2006, p. 96) Expanding on the GA implementation was research conducted that incorporated fuzzy set theory on problems when investment parameters contained scant or vague information and therefore had great uncertainty. Xiaoxia Huang created a new meanShow MoreRelatedCapital Budgeting Scenarios Essay example886 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Budgeting Scenarios Shannan Coleman FIN/486 September 23, 2012 Sal Sadiq Capital Budgeting Scenarios Capital Budgeting: Proposal A – New Factory Proposal A is to build a new factory to decide if this would be a feasible move for the company they need to perform a net present value analysis. To do this they will only need to look at the incremental cash flows, which are as follows: 1. Initial investment of $10 million that will be the cost to build the new factory. 2. SalesRead MoreCapital Budgeting in Galaxy Science Centre Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Budgeting in Galaxy Science Centre Capital Budgeting encourages managers to accurately manage and control their capital expenditure. By providing powerful reporting and analysis, managers can take control of their budgets. The purpose of this paper is to investigate capital budgeting decision under Galaxy Science Centre (GSC), which is non-profit organization. The need for such an analysis emerges from the case that only provides general information concerning the impact of capital budgetingRead MoreEssay Capital Budgeting935 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Budgeting The city engineers presented city council members with two projects that require large capital outlays. However, the economic downturn makes implementation of both projects impossible with current budget restraints. Therefore, the city council decided to conduct a cost benefit analysis to determine the most cost effective project. While neither project met all the requirements, data analysis determined that Option B was the best choice. However, city engineers pushed backRead MoreCapital Budgeting Essay2618 Words   |  11 PagesCapital Budgeting Introduction Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating and selecting long-term investments that are consistent with the firms goal of maximizing owner wealth. A firm using capital budgeting, their goal is to see if there fixed income will cover itself for profit. Fixed incomes are things such as land, plant and equipment. When a firm using a machine to produce its good or service. They most of the time what the machine to produce the amount that they paid for the machineRead MoreCapital Budgeting Essay697 Words   |  3 PagesStrident Marks can utilize the capital budgeting to evaluate their proposed long-term investments. Once we have identified a list of potential investment projects, the next step in the process will be to estimate the expected cash flows and risk of each project. Based on these estimates, we can evaluate each project and decide which set of projects are the best for Strident Marks to undertake. The primary decision methods used to evaluate the projects will be payback, net present value, and internalRead MoreCapital Budgeting Case Essay1167 Words   |  5 Pages1 Capital Budgeting Problem MBA612, Dr. Schieuer By: Dean Anderson, Terry Sutton, Sawan Tamang, Karuna Mishra, 2 Capital Budgeting Process: Capital budgeting (or investment appraisal) is the planning process used to determine whether an organizations long term investments such as new machinery, replacement machinery, new plants, new products, and research development projects are worth pursuing. It is budget for major capital, or investment, expenditures (SullivanRead MoreEssay on Capital Budgeting Summary2017 Words   |  9 PagesCapital budgeting is the process of evaluating a company’s potential investments and deciding which ones to accept. A company’s market value added (MVA) is the sum of all its projects’ net present values (NPVs). Basically, one can calculate the free cash flows (FCFs) for a project in much the same way as for a firm. When a project’s free cash flows are discounted at the appropriate risk-adjusted rate, the result is the project’s value. One difference between valuing a firm and a project is theRead MoreThe Cross Boarder Mov ements Of Good, Services And Resources1480 Words   |  6 Pages Question 1. In a short essay discuss why government have been liberalizing cross-boarder movements of good, services and resources. As we learned in the course international business is growing more and more for every year. Today 25% of all business is international business. This has almost forced countries and their governments to change the laws and regulations around cross boarder movement of goods, services and resources. As access is easier now for everyday costumers to international goodRead MoreCash Flow Estimation And Capital Budgeting933 Words   |  4 Pages Trident University Beverley Lionel Module 3 Case: Cash Flow Estimation and Capital Budgeting FIN 501 Strategic Corporate Finance Dr. Edward Kaplan May 21, 2017 ABC Golf Equipment Corporation Memo to the CEO, Mr. Hillbrandt To: The CEO, Mr. Hillbrandt From: Chief Financial Officer Date: May 21, 2017 Subject: Estimating Project Cash Flows Introduction If the manufacturer plans on using debt to finance the project, should the estimated project cash flows be changed to reflect theseRead MoreEssay about Capital Budgeting483 Words   |  2 Pagesoperating budget, and (d) the capital budgeting (Buchbinder Shanks,2007,p.226). Capital budgeting is the most expensive in contrast to the other budgets because the operating costs goes beyond the traditional calendar or annual budget. The capital budget is the most challenging for CEO’s to use as a control mechanisms. The challenge is to due to scare resources and the difficulty in forecasting funding requirements. According to Buchbinder and Shanks (2007), Capital Budgeting may be defined as the

Monday, December 9, 2019

Report On Business Communication Outside Organisation

Question: Describe about the Report On Business Communication for Outside Organisation. Answer: Introduction Business Communication is the package of information which generally shares the information or any conversation of any matter between the people of the organization or the people outside the organization (Bargiela-Chiappini Nickerson, 2014). The activity of the business communication is generally focussing to gain any benefit for the organization commercially which eventually creates a healthy rapport or a good image of the organization in the market. The business communication in a whole total enrols all the activities which involve the basic features of the organization (Conrad Newberry, 2012). Basic Features These basic features which will enhance the organizational work are the sales and marketing, the major part is a relationship with the customer, management of the brand and its quality and finally keeping and maintaining the public relations. These features are implemented in the market for the growth of the organization (Guffey Loewy, 2012). Some other features are there which are important inside the organization which will directly impact the organization (Hooker, 2012). These are such as the preparation of the effective documentation, the development of the good interpersonal skills, intercultural communication, delivering effective oral presentations, conflict management, developing an effective culture of the organization and finally the important the effective team communication (Kernbach, Eppler Bresciani, 2015). Each and every part of this business communication is important, and its accurate implementation definitely aids in the maintenance of the discipline and chore in the organization. These characteristics had a good impact on the internal communication of the organization and the internal environment of the organization. The business communication can be of face to face, or it can be through the mailing or it can also be through the telephonic conversation. But if the communication is expected to be effective then there must be certain features which make it effective. For this effectiveness of the business communication, the establishment of a clear hierarchy is necessary, with the usage of the visual communication, by the effective management of the conflict within the organization, by considering the cultural issues and finally by writing a good communication (Sharp Brumberger, 2013). The business communication is important in maintaining the chore in the internal environment which is helpful in maintaining a good framework of the organization. The two basic important feature of the whole of the business communication is the preparation of an effective business document and an effective team communication. Both are the beginning and the ending of the hierarchy of the process of business communication. The business document preparation is the elementary process through which any work starts. Therefore the preparation and the management of business document are very much necessary (Thill, Bove Chatterjee, 2013). The employees of any organization definitely must know about the proper documentation so that the valuable information should get precise and accurate for further future use. Afterward the team communication which is also a vital part of the documentation process, because it provides the proper detailed description of the well-organized procedure among the employees. The team communication helps the employees to get the proper convenience in completing any work. Also, an effective team communication makes the officia l or the organizational environment very healthy to survive in it (Sharp Brumberger, 2013). Business Document The business document also has its particular way to be written where first of all the identification of the opposite party is a must which helps in making a negative impression on the opposite member (Hooker, 2012). Also, it will be helpful in completing the task or the work in an organized manner. Next to it the purpose of the documentation must be learned by eventually organizing the document writing. It is important to make the document accurate and precise. This documentation when prepared should be re-read to prevent any mistake and make it error free (Conrad Newberry, 2012). The documentation that is being prepared for the further progress of work must be very professional and to the point so that it delivers the exact message when it is being delivered at the exact point and the members must get the message. Effective Team Commination An effective team communication is a final part as said earlier; it focuses on the excellent output from the employees regarding the work. By an effective communication between the employees of the teams, there is the maintenance of a chore in the organizational environment which generally leads to the outcome of good output that is beneficial for the organization (Sharp Brumberger, 2013). This is mostly because if ethically considered, then the effective team communication mostly takes the negativity and the stress level out from the environment which helps in the accurate completion of the work. The team communication makes the engagement of the whole employees in the active part of the work. Work Environment In the work environment when the organization is intended to give the training to the employees against the preparation of the document and the team communication. The environment of the organization can be maintained in a very important organized way by the maintenance of these two factors which will be useful for the future references. The training of the documentation part is generally given priority because of creating the base of the work or the task (Thill, Bove Chatterjee, 2013). The proper documentation is generally taken into consideration in every case of the work and with this documentation process, the data of the organization can be saved in the database of the same which can further be used for any type of references. Therefore the employees must learn the process of a particular task for the creation of a fruitful organization. For this reason, the organization must give the employees proper way of training by which the organization can take the path of success. The team communication is a must training that should be given to the employees of an organization because that is the ultimate solution to many types of issues that are mostly raised in the organizations. By an effective team, communication is training the employees to need to know about the proper coordination that should be there with in between the all the members of the organization. Recommendation Though the employees sometimes generally communicate in various ways, still they must have a pure and proper conversation that will lead to an effective completion of the task. The training must include the hierarchical communication which eventually leads to the creation of organizational culture (Conrad Newberry, 2012). Therefore the training that is given for the documentation and the team communication must generally focus on the development of the inter-personnel skills in enhancing the team communication which will ultimately result in the advancement of the skills of the employees and an interchange of the skills between the internal environment of the organization. Conclusion By the implementation of such training in an organization gives the motivation to the employees for their enhancement in the enthusiasm for the work. Also, this training will cover all the lacunas that are hampering the success of the organization by establishing a healthy relationship in the internal environment of the organization (Kernbach, Eppler Bresciani, 2015). By this, there will be a change in the environment of the organization with the improvement of the understanding between the employees. References Bargiela-Chiappini, F. and Nickerson, C.R.,(2014).Writing business: Genres, media and discourses. Routledge. Conrad, D., Newberry, R. (2012). Identification and instruction of important business communication skills for graduate business education.Journal of Education for Business,87(2), 112-120. Guffey, M. E., Loewy, D. (2012).Essentials of business communication. Cengage Learning. Hooker, J. (2012). 19 Cultural Differences in Business Communication.The handbook of intercultural discourse and communication,29, 389. Kernbach, S., Eppler, M. J., Bresciani, S. (2015). The Use of Visualization in the Communication of Business Strategies An Experimental Evaluation. International Journal of Business Communication,52(2), 164-187. Sharp, M. R., Brumberger, E. R. (2013). Business communication curricula today: Revisiting the top 50 undergraduate business schools. Business Communication Quarterly, 1080569912471187. Thill, J. V., Bove, C. L., Chatterjee, R. B. (2013).Excellence in business communication. K. Subramanian (Ed.). Pearson.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Ultimate List of Religion Essay Topics and Questions

Religious studies are closely interconnected with many other disciplines such as anthropology, history, literature, political science, cultural studies, etc. What is more, religion plays a significant role in the life of most people. That is why this and derived subjects are a part of most school curriculum, and every intelligent person is expected to know the basics of all religions of the world. Even if you’re an atheist, it’s about your intelligence to know the main stories of the Bible or basic concepts of Buddhism. This post contains the best topics and questions for your future research papers on religion as well as useful advice for those who lack time to do such assignments. How to Select the Best Religion Essay Topic? Professional Advice Before we jump to the list of perfect ideas for your essay, first, let’s discuss the effective ways to select the right topic. All in all, research helps with both topic selection and finding necessary sources to defend the thesis statement. That is why you should always start with research to decide on the proper topic for your paper. You should pay attention to how many sources you can find on the topic of your interest. Make sure the sources are credible and relevant. Here are the sources to check in your library or on the web: books, e-books, magazines, newspapers, journals, scholarly articles, websites, videos, etc. Once you’re done with research, think about which of the ideas on the list inspires you most. Perhaps, you would like to discuss atheism as you support this movement and wish to prove that it is a religion as well and there is nothing bad about being an atheist. Probably, you would like to juxtapose the plot of the Bible with the historical events. The point is that there are a lot of things to discuss when it comes to religious studies. Our experts share some of the best topics and research questions in the sections below. Hopefully, they will inspire you. List of Religion Essay Topics for College Students If you simply want to present and explain an issue, you should come up with the topic instead of the question. You will need to inform your readers about the problem without offering meaningful solutions or replies. Here is a long list of topics you can either write a paper on or use for inspiration for your own topic: Reasons to support violence in the name of God Jesus Christ as a historical figure The religion of Scandinavian people Having many gods to pray vs. having a single God The basic concepts of the Quran Things that separate biblical Christianity from other religions Building peace using religious methods The features of a person who can be called a saint Cloning from the religious point of view The connection between religion, history, and anthropology Critical analysis of the book â€Å"Omen† Different ways to celebrate Christmas in Christianity Compare and contrast analysis of how various religions convert new followers The obligations of the religious groups in Arabic countries Promoting global peace and wealth with the help of religious movements The role of the Church in the national well-being Religious studies as an optional subject at schools in the USA The saint places of the world according to the Bible The religion and traditions of Ancient Egypt The never-ending debate between religious groups and scientists Polygamous marriages in the Islamic world The way Christian religion views gay marriages Religious education in same-gender schools The changes that can be achieved through religious practices The functions of religion in contemporary society A brief summary of the new religious movements Rules of behaving in the Orthodox church Comparison and analysis of two sacred stories Reincarnation in African religions Comparing and contrasting Zoroastrian perception of Good and Evil with the concept of the balance of Yin and Yang in Taoism Concepts of God and Goddesses The most ancient religion of the world Shinto and Hindu myths of creation Abortion from the religious point of view How the religion portrays women in Islam The differences between funeral rituals in two various religions History and development the Christian music Explaining the difference between atheism and agnosticism Impact of religion on mass media and vice versa Renaissance epoch in the Christian religion Defining the dichotomy of heart and soul through the prism of Christianity The signs of religion in the world’s literature Problems paganists face Big Bang theory and religion Orthodox sacrament of marriage: exchange of the rings 45 Original Religion Essay Questions You May Cover in Your Work Now, let’s look at the best research questions for your project. Those are the issues that require some solutions and specific answers, so provide a clear reply in the concluding part of your paper. Is it moral and ethical to change your religion? Can the Bible be called fiction literature? What do various religions promote? Should people all act in the name of religion no matter what happens? Why is a religion called â€Å"the opiate of the people?† How is Judaism different from the rest of the world’s religions? What is the most popular reference book in Islam? What are the main teachings of Jesus Christ? Is Islam a peaceful religion? What is the role of female preachers in congregations? How do Asian people perceive death and why? Is cloning accepted in Christianity? Should religious groups be allowed to impede with government regulations? Where does the tradition to attend church every Sunday come from? Were Christian missioners the ones to pave the way for the ruination of the local tribes? Buddhism: religion or philosophy? How can an American citizen prove their faith in God? What happens to the sinners after the death according to the Bible? Are cults dangerous? Why? Is freedom of religion possible in Arabic countries? What is the goal of theism? Should the world’s dominating religions take a stance in promoting peace for everyone? Is it possible for the nations to work together in order to establish a coalition team to save the poorest populations? Should the pieces of art that offend religions be destroyed? How can governments control people through the power of religion? Was the ruckus caused by the song â€Å"Losing My Religion† justified? Should atheists obtain the same levy break system as the other religions in the United States? Are all religions essentially good and fair? What are the main components of religion? Should everyone have a religion? What is the difference between cults and religions? Is Satanism that bad as it is depicted by most of the sources? At what age can a person be allowed to choose a religion on their own? How does the modern church view the theory of evolution? Which of the existing religions is more loyal towards the scientific breakthroughs? How can science and religious studies co-exist in schools and colleges? What is the right way to punish criminals according to the Bible? What is the role of religion in modern jails? What is the role of animals in the Christian religion? Should the church accept gay relationships? Does religion have a strong influence on the media in the US? How is religion displayed in most of the American TV shows? How can the destruction of religious art be prevented? Should religious movements help to promote health and well-being? Should marriage predetermine the new religion of a woman? Now, do you need several more hints on writing a religion essay? Bonus Helpful Religion Essay Ideas So, what are some other good ways to get inspired and pick the right topic or question for a religion essay? It depends on the type of essay you have to write. In most cases, students go for compare and contrast or cause and effect essays when it comes to religion. It’s a good idea to compare various religions, holy manuscripts, customs traditions, etc. On the whole, you may choose to compare and contrast situations (episodes or cases from the Bible, for example), events (historical or fiction episodes related to religion), places (locations where the saints were buried, for instance), and people (saints, mortal humans, etc.) In the last case, the most popular figure to discuss would be Jesus Christ. If you still need help with topic selection or, what’s more important, writing your essay from scratch, you should keep in mind that our experts are available round-the-clock to help you. Our professional writing company has been writing excellent religion essays and research papers for many years, and you can trust your assignments to us. It will not cost you much – place an order now to get your essay fast!

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Definition and Examples of the Historical Present Tense

Definition and Examples of the Historical Present Tense In English grammar, the historical present is the use of a verb phrase in the present tense to refer to an event that took place in the past. In narratives, the historical present may be used to create an effect of immediacy. Also called the  historic present, dramatic present, and narrative present. In rhetoric, the use of the present tense to report on events from the past is called translatio temporum (transfer of times). The term translation is particularly interesting, notes German English literature educator Heinrich Plett, because it is also the Latin word for metaphor. It clearly shows that the historical present only exists as an intended tropical deviation of the past tense. (Plett, Henrich. Rhetoric and Renaissance Culture, Walter de Gruyter GmbH Co., 2004.) Examples and Observations It is a bright summer day in 1947. My father, a fat, funny man with beautiful eyes and a subversive wit, is trying to decide which of his eight children he will take with him to the county fair. My mother, of course, will not go. She is knocked out from getting most of us ready: I hold my neck stiff against the pressure of her knuckles as she hastily completes the braiding and the beribboning of my hair. ... (Walker,  Alice. Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the Self. In Search of Our Mothers Gardens: Womanist Prose, Harcourt Brace, 1983.) There is a famous story of President Abraham Lincoln, taking a vote at a cabinet meeting on whether to sign the Emancipation Proclamation. All his cabinet secretaries vote nay, whereupon Lincoln raises his right hand and declares: The ayes have it. (Rodman, Peter W.  Presidential Command, Vintage, 2010.) Verbs in the historic present describe something that happened in the past. The present tense is used because the facts are listed as a summary, and the present tense provides a sense of urgency. This historic present tense is also found in news bulletins. The announcer may say at the start, Fire hits a city center building, the government defends the new minister, and in football City, United lose. (Language Notes, BBC World Service.) If you introduce things which are past as present and now taking place, you will make your story no longer a narration but an actuality. (Longinus,  On the Sublime, quoted by Chris Anderson in  Style as Argument: Contemporary American Nonfiction, Southern Illinois University Press, 1987.) An Example of the Historical Present in an EssayI’m nine years old, in bed, in the dark. The detail in the room is perfectly clear. I am lying on my back. I have a greeny-gold quilted eiderdown covering me. I have just calculated that I will be 50 years old in 1997. ‘Fifty’ and ‘1997’ don’t mean a thing to me, aside from being an answer to an arithmetic question I set myself. I try it differently. ‘I will be 50 in 1997.’ 1997 doesn’t matter. ‘I will be 50.’ The statement is absurd. I am nine. ‘I will be ten’ makes sense. ‘I will be 13’ has a dreamlike maturity about it. ‘I will be 50’ is simply a paraphrase of another senseless statement I make to myself at night: ‘I will be dead one day.’ ‘One day I won’t be.’ I have a great determination to feel the sentence as a reality. But it always escapes me. ‘I will be dead’ comes with a picture of a dead body on a bed. But it’s mine, a nine-year-old body. When I make it old, it becomes someone else. I can’t imagine myself dead. I can’t imagine myself dying. Either the effort or the failure to do so makes me feel panicky. ... (Diski, Jenny. Diary,  London Review of Books, October 15, 1998. Report title At Fifty in  The Art of the Essay: The Best of 1999, edited by Phillip Lopate, Anchor Books, 1999.) An Example of the Historical Present in a Memoir  My first conscious direct memory of anything outside myself is not of Duckmore and its estates but of the street. I am adventuring out of our front gate and into the great world beyond. Its a summers day - perhaps this is the very first summer after we moved in when Im not yet three. I walk along the pavement, and on into the endless distances of the street - past the gate of No. 4 - on and bravely on until I find myself in a strange new landscape with its own exotic flora, a mass of sunlit pink blossom on a tangled rambler rose hanging over a garden fence. I have got almost as far as the garden gate of No. 5. At this point, I somehow become aware of how far I am from home and abruptly lose all my taste for exploration. I turn and run back to No. 3. (Frayn, Michael. My Fathers Fortune: A Life, Metropolitan Books, 2010.) The You-Are-There IllusionWhen the reference point of the narration is not the present moment but some point in the past, we have the historical present, in which a writer tries to parachute the reader into the midst of an unfolding story (Genevieve lies awake in bed. A floorboard creaks ... ). The historical present is also often used in the setup of a joke, as in A guy walks into a bar with a duck on his head. ... Though the you-are-there illusion forced by the historical present can be an effective narrative device, it can also feel manipulative. Recently a Canadian columnist complained about a CBC Radio news program that seemed to him to overuse the present tense, as in UN forces open fire on protesters. The director explained to him that the show is supposed to sound less analytic, less reflective and more dynamic, more hot than the flagship nightly news show. (Pinker, Steven.  The Stuff of Thought, Viking, 2007.) A Warning From the PastAvoid the use of the historical present unless the narrative is sufficiently vivid to make the use spontaneous. The historical present is one of the boldest of figures and, as is the case with all figures, its overuse makes a style cheap and ridiculous. (Royster, James Finch and Stith Thompson,  Guide to Composition, Scott Foresman and Company, 1919.)

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Convert Temperatures From Kelvin to Celsius

Convert Temperatures From Kelvin to Celsius Kelvin  and Celsius are two temperature scales. The size of the degree for each scale is the same magnitude, but the Kelvin scale starts at absolute zero (the lowest temperature theoretically attainable), while the Celsius scale sets its zero point at the triple point of water (the point at which water can exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous states, or 32.01 °F). Because Kelvin is an absolute scale, no degree symbol is used following a measurement. Otherwise, the two scales are alike. Converting between them only requires basic arithmetic. Key Takeaways: Kelvin to Celsius Temperature Conversion The equation to convert between Kelvin and Celsius is:  °C K - 273.15Celsius temperature have a degree symbol while those reported in Kelvin do not.While the size of the degree is the same between Kelvin and Celsius, there is no point at which the two scales are equal. A Celsius temperature will always be higher than Kelvin.Celsius temperatures can be negative. Kelvin goes down to absolute zero (no negative temperature). Conversion Formula Here is the formula to convert Kelvin into Celsius:  °C K - 273.15 All that is needed to convert Kelvin to Celsius is one simple step. Take your Kelvin temperature and subtract 273.15. Your answer will be in Celsius.  While there is no degree symbol for Kelvin, you need to add the symbol to report a Celsius temperature. Example How many degrees Celsius is 500K?  °C K - 273.15 °C 500 - 273.15 °C 226.85 ° For another example, convert normal body temperature from Kelvin to Celsius. Human body temperature is 310.15 K. Put the value into the equation to solve for degrees Celsius:  °C K - 273.15 °C 310.15 - 273.15human body temperature 37 °C Reverse Conversion: Celsius to Kelvin Similarly, its easy to convert a Celsius temperature to the Kelvin scale. You can either use the formula given above or use: K   Ã‚ °C 273.15 For example, convert the boiling point of water to Kelvin. The boiling point of water is 100 °C. Plug the value into the formula: K 100 273.15 (drop the degree)K 373.15 About Absolute Zero While typical temperatures experienced in daily life are often expressed in Celsius or Fahrenheit, many phenomena are described more easily using an absolute temperature scale. The Kelvin scale starts at absolute zero (the coldest temperature attainable) and is based on energy measurement (the movement of molecules). Kelvin in the international standard for scientific temperature measurement, and is used in many fields including astronomy and physics. While its perfectly normal to get negative values for Celsius temperature, the Kelvin scale only goes down to zero. 0K is also known as  absolute zero. It is the point at which no further heat can be removed from a system because there is no molecular movement, so there is no lower temperature possible. Similarly, this means the lowest possible Celsius temperature you can ever get is -273.15  °C. If you ever perform a calculation that gives you a value lower than that, its time to go back and check your work. You either have an error or else there is some other problem.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Apartheid System and its impact on Education in South Africa Essay

Apartheid System and its impact on Education in South Africa - Essay Example The population of the country is talented and hard working. In spite of these factors, the country faces hard core racism. The oppression of the white population over the blacks resulted in forced slavery and exploitation of land and human beings (Abdi, 2002, p. vii). The apartheid period continued for over four decades in South Africa and in that period race discrimination was ruthlessly implemented in schools and they were highly effective. It is a monumental task for the government to undo the effects of apartheid from the education system (Fiske and Ladd, 2005, p.14). This paper focuses on the apartheid system in South Africa and its impact on the education policies. Background History of Apartheid in South Africa In the seventeenth century the Dutch descendants who were knows as Boers or Afrikaners were dominated by the English. This was followed by establishment by the Dutch of new colonies like Orange Free State and Transvaal. In the year1900, diamonds were excavated in these regions. This led to the Boer war when the English invaded these lands. The conflict centering on power sharing between the English and the Boers remained till the 1940s when the Afrikaners National Party became stronger. To control the economic and social system, the National party invented the apartheid system. Initially the goal of apartheid was to maintain the minority rule of the white and curtailing the rights of the black population. Racial discrimination was given a formal shape when the apartheid laws were enacted in 1948. In 1950, the South African people were classified into three racial groups which were white, black (African) or colored (mixed decent). The colored group mainly contained the Indians and the Asians. Apartheid laws led to segregation of every aspect of social life which included education and medical care. Public services provided to the black people were inferior to those provided to the white people. Marriage was prohibited between the whites and the non -white groups. Residential areas were segregated by forceful removal of the black population. These laws were strongly implemented and anyone who did not abide by the laws was given harsh punishments. The Blacks were required to carry identity proof to enter into the non-black areas (The History of Apartheid in South Africa, n.d.). In 1953, Bantu Education Act was passed to segregate the education system of South Africa by which the Blacks were denied education leading to certain positions in the society. The Blacks were prepared to lead the lives of labour class (O’Malley, n.d.). Analysis Impact of Apartheid system on Education One of the most oppressive laws of apartheid was the Bantu Education Act of 1953. Before the Act was implemented most schools in Africa were missionary schools and were partly funded by the State. Under this Act education system was segregated and most schools began to be controlled by the government. Governments began to put forward conditions to sch ools to start racially discriminatory curriculum before agreeing to provide financial aid. As protest many missionary schools did not allow extension of apartheid system in their education system and chose to close down. This system of bringing all schools under the control of the new government was faced opposition from school organisers, parents and students. The major subject of the protests was to ban the separate education system for the Black and promote a common education system for the entire population of South Africa. The government which was controlled by the whites declared that the structure of Bantu education was such that the blacks will be trained to become labours ignoring what other abilities

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Ang Lees Eat Drink Man Woman and Cultural Values of Contemporary Chin Essay

Ang Lees Eat Drink Man Woman and Cultural Values of Contemporary China - Essay Example The inclusion of the fast food restaurant demonstrates the film’s thematic concern with Western influence in Eastern culture, as fast food has primary been identified as a Western entity. This theme is also developed with the inclusion of the Christian sermon. The film explores the Eastern/Western dichotomy through the perspectives of two of the sisters. The more liberal sister is more accepting of Western values and perspectives and has a relationship with a man who had lived in the United States. The conservative sister, by contrast, refused to follow her love interest after graduation to the United States and her life has been lived in opposition to this decision since. Food is a central concern of the film and is used for a number of symbolic purposes. Indeed, director Lee himself even indicated that he incorporated food as a central metaphor (Berry 2005). In one scene the father encounters the young girl while jogging and asks her why she is eating breakfast at the bus stop and she tells him she doesn’t have time for breakfast. As she enters the bus one sees the distress in the father’s eyes as a result of the conflicting new world values embodied in the time constraints of a modern society that eliminate the opportunity to sit and eat breakfast. Another significant thematic concern is the nature of love and social relations. The film explores an old world vs. new world dichotomy. These contrasting values are embodied in the perspectives of the sisters. One sister who is moving out has embraced a more liberal sensibility that understands relations to be based on a more open, and ever-changing foundation where being with multiple partners is permitted and leaving someone when the relationship has soured is acceptable. The other sister embraces a conservative sensibility and believes that a relationship should be long term. They two differ on the  nature of their parent's relationship, with their argument indicating the clash of these value systems.  

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Ethical Analysis of A Beautiful Mind Essay example -- Film Review, Eth

Ethical Analysis of â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† â€Å"A Beautiful mind† is a story based on the life of John Forbes Nash, who is a famous mathematician. Unfortunately, he is suffering from paranoid schizophrenia that majorly affects his personal and social life. Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder in which the patient’s ability to function is impaired by severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes (Hockenbury, 2010). John Nash, the main character, faces many challenges in his professional life as well as in his personal life. His friends who later become his colleagues think that he is just plain crazy. They also find him entertaining. However, they cannot resist looking down on him for his strange behavior, difficulties with deadlines, and hardship with women. John is often distracted by visual hallucinations, experiences involuntary movements, and has issues communicating with others appropriately. Despite his illness, John Nash proves the Brouwer’s fixed point theorem while he is still attending Princeton University, and he finally earns his peers’ and his professor’s respect. He marries a graduate student, Alicia. She does not have any knowledge of John’s mental disorder until his condition begins to worsen and he becomes institutionalized and diagnosed with schizophrenia. She loves him and feels obligated to take care of him even though John endangers her and th eir baby’s life as well. She realizes that staying with Nash is a major responsibility; nevertheless, she decides to care for him and to deal with the consequences. Unfortunately, schizophrenia is a complex and misunderstood mental condition, sometimes resulting in society’s intolerance for those suffering from this illness, including John Nash. Societ... ...least advantaged because he relies on the welfare of others--his wife, his friends, and his psychiatrist. Fortunately, because Alicia has strong moral values she agrees to keep John away from the psychiatric clinic. She supports and understands him in every aspect. Even though John is mentally ill and the least advantaged, he still manages to live a meaningful life with the help of family and friends. Works Cited Grazer, B. (Producer), & Howard, R. (Director). (2001). A beautiful mind [Motion picture]. U.S.: Universal Pictures. Hockenbury, H. D., & Hunenbury, E. S. (2010). Discovering Psychology (5th ed.).New York: Worth. Jones, J. (2010). Medical Problems in Schizophrenia Can Be Prevented. Psych Central. Retrieved on December 7, 2011, from http://psychcentral.com/news/2010/07/26/medical-problems-in-schizophrenia-can-be-prevented/16004.html

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

India Country Essay

Below is a free essay on â€Å"India† from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. 1.What is the climate for doing business in India? Is it supportive of foreign investment? oThe climate for doing business in India is continuously evolving. Today, the Indian economy is characterized by a liberalized foreign investment and trade policy, the extensive role played by the private sector and deregulation. India is extremely supportive of foreign investment and in fact in recent years, the government has been relaxing its bureaucratic rules particularly those relating to foreign investments. 2.How important is a highly educated human resource pool for MNCs wanting to invest in India? Is it more important for some businesses more than for others? oIt’s very important for MNCs wanting to invest in India to have a highly educated human resource pool because it is very important for them to understand what they are getting into (specifically language & cultural barriers) and for them to adapt to the changes that come along with the corporation investing internationally. It’s evident that as India continues to grow and evolve so will the demand for well educated people. The more successful and competitive India becomes, the more critical human resource management will be. Luckily, companies are beginning to see that an investment in human resource processes & outsourcing services that can help make the successful is a good way to gain competitive advantage for their organizations future. It is more important for some businesses than for others depending on the industry they are in and the level of technology they use. Some MNCs use advanced technology to help them communicate, produce, and deliver their goods and services internationally which has ultimately led to some experts predicting that in the future, technology has the potential to displace employees in all industries. 3.Given the low per capita income of the country, why would you still argue for India to be an excellent place to do business in the coming years? oI will still argue†¦

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Philosophical Context in Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis

Intro Kafka never fully embraced Zionism, and he remained ambivalent toward Judaism. He was more openly interested in anarchism and socialism, but was not committed to either philosophy because he refused to completely align himself with an established worldview. Modernism -Kafka was exposed to Modernism. -Modernism was a movement during the late 19th century and early twentieth century of scientific, technological and industrial development. Modernists shared a desire to create literature that was new and different. Their belief was to capture the reality of modern life and that rapid change cause uncertainty, disjointedness, and alienation. Kafka wrote about the absurdity of existence, the alienating experience of modern life, and the cruelty of authoritarian power. -The word Kafkaesque has passed into the literature to describe an unsettling, disorienting, nightmarish world that is at once both fearful and menacing in its ambiguity and complexity. Kafka's views on Humanity Speakin g with his friend Max Brod, Kafka once explained that he thought human beings were trapped in a hopeless world. This belief never leaves Kafka's writing, and it is present in The Metamorphosis, where Gregor's only option, in the end, is to die. Ironically, the story ends on an optimistic note, as the family puts itself back together. Existentialism -Kafka never studied philosophy but he was friends with several intellectuals and read works by famous philosophers. -Several people think of Kafka as an existentialist. -Existentialism is a 20th-century philosophical movement, which assumes that people are entirely free and thus responsible for what they make of themselves. -The early 19th century philosopher Soren Kierkegaard is regarded as the father of existentialism. -Franz Kafka was an important literary author in existentialism. His story, which is surreal, is one of many modernist literary works that was influenced by existentialist philosophy. -The Metamorphosis advances the existential view of the responsibility of the individual to maintain a balance between work and leisure. If one chooses to devote their life entirely to work, they are no more than droning insects, yet if they devote their lives to leisure, they are no better off. -Gregor initially chooses society over himself, which in turn transformed him into the working drone he was. After his physical transformation, he is forced reassert his focus to himself, and society abandons him. Nietzche and Kierkgaard -Kierkegaard and Nietzsche considered the role of making free choices,  Kierkegaard's  knight of faith  and Nietzsche's  Ubermensch  are representative of people who exhibit  Freedom and define the nature of their own existence. -Nietzsche's ideal individual invents his or her own values and creates the terms under which they excel. -Gregor's monstrous insect form represents Gregor's radical refusal to submit to society's values like Nietzschean Ubermensch. Martin Buber -Kafka was friends with philosopher and existentialist Martin Buber. They would send each other letters and these letters were later published in Bubers The letters of Martin Buber: a life of dialogue. Together they discussed existentialism and were part of a literary circle. They were both jewish and anarchists. -Shared existentialist rejection of achieving real satisfaction in life. Characters in Kafka’s tales are left wanting something, needing a connection to the world that can never be made complete. Sigmund Freud -Kafka was familiar with the newly published works of Sigmund Freud. -However, he was no Freudian disciple and wrote negatively of psychoanalytic theory. But Gregor's conflict with his father and the dream-like quality of the story realtes to Freud's analysis of dreams and the Oedipal complex: – A subconscious sexual desire in a child, especially a male child, for the parent of the opposite sex, usually accompanied by hostility to the parent of the same sex. – All sons feel they are in competition with their father and often feel in a battle against the father. Father vs. Son in Metamorphosis -Gregor seems to have a difficult relationship with his father. His family rejects him, and his main enemy is his father, who wants to kill him. When Gregors father sees Gregor in his insect form, he shakes his fist at him and glares at him fiercely. Later he attacks him with a newspaper and a walking stick, and, bombards him with apples, causing him serious injury. -He is also makes sarcastic comments, suggesting for instance that Gregor's room is untidy. -It also turns out that he has deceived Gregor about the family finances, thus extending the length of Gregor's employment at the hateful traveling salesman's job. -He also does not seem particularly appreciative of the money Gregor has been bringing in. Gregor's disappointment over the lack of appreciation is one of the few critical thoughts he thinks about his father. -He also thinks briefly that the money his father hid from him could have been used to free him from his job sooner, but he quickly dismisses the thought by saying that no doubt his father knew best. -Basically Gregors father abuses him, but he suppresses his angry responses and accepts his downtrodden state. Marx and Kafka -Karl Marx believed alienation is a result of capitalism. – Kafka was influenced by his political philosophy of Marxism. A Marxist would read Gregor's inability to work as a protest against the dehumanizing and alienating effects of working in a capitalistic society. -Gregor Samsa, the protagonist, signifies the proletariat, or the working class, and his unnamed manager represents the bourgeoisie. -The conflict that arises between the two after Gregor's metamorphosis, which leaves him unable to work, represents the dehumanizing structure of class relations. -Finally, the results of Gregors inability to work is abandonment by his family and death. -The words he chooses to describe his job, â€Å"torture,† â€Å"worrying,† and â€Å"miserable† show his discontent with his job. He says, â€Å"If I didn't hold back for my parents' sake, I would have quit long ago†. It is only economic necessity that keeps him going to work everyday. Historical Context -In 1912, when Kafka was writing â€Å"The Metamorphosis,† Prague was a city of ethnic tensions, primarily between Czechs and Germans and between Czechs and Jews. -Economically, the late nineteenth century marked the climax of the Industrial Revolution in Europe. -Industrial development within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was not as advanced as in Europe but Prague was one of the most advanced and prosperous cities in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. However, along with the prosperity created by the new industrialism came dislocation and disruption of the old ways, largely as a result of the shift of large numbers of people from the countryside to the city. Industrialization also meant the appearance of large numbers of jobs, for both factory and office workers, which was hardwork. And the school syst em enforced a system of routine learning that seemed relentlessly joyless—at least it seemed joyless to young Kafka, who hated school, just as he hated his first full? time job. Long hours at boring jobs create alienation. And oppressive employers like Gregor's were normal.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Product Design and Modernism

Product Design and Modernism The principles of modernism affected many areas of human activities, including product design. It is necessary to focus on the following important distinctions of this style, namely:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Product Design and Modernism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More the absence of ornamental elements and minimalism; pure geometrical forms; the use of new materials; the suitability of the modernist designs for mass production (Greenhalph 1990). At the beginning of the twentieth century, these features were very innovative and only few designers were willing to adopt this approach. This is why they can be called modern, at least if one speaks about the design which existed at that time. Yet, nowadays there techniques are viewed as something conventional and very widespread. This is one of the main issues that should not be overlooked. Overall, it is possible to argue that the principles of modernism are of great relevance to contemporary designers who attach importance to such criteria as utility, aestheticism, and cost-effectiveness. These are the main questions that should be examined in this essay. They are vital for describing the principles of modernism. In order to discuss the innovative aspects of modernist product design, one should first mention that the aesthetics of this movement which mostly rejected those elements which did not serve any practical purposes. This approach is described as minimalism or functionalism which means that every element of design should perform a certain function (Bertens 1997, p. 92).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In contrast, purely decorative components are considered to be redundant by the supporters of the modernist movement (Bertens 1997, p. 92). These principles were particularly applicable to architecture and interior design . Yet, this idea also appealed to many manufacturers of that period because they wanted to make the products available to a great number of clients (Bertens 1997, p. 92). This background information can throw light on the influence of modernism on product design. This is one of the main aspects that should be taken into account. Overall, the absence of ornamental elements can be best illustrated by looking at the piece of furniture that was created during this period. For example, the following photograph exemplifies the principles of minimalism and functionalism: Figure 1: The armchair designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Raizman, 2003, p. 189) On the whole, this armchair highlights the way in the idea of functionality influenced the work of designers who tried to combine utility with aestheticism. In their view, these elements could be reconciled with one another. There are virtually no decorative components.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Product Desi gn and Modernism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is one of the main distinctions that explain the principles of modernism and its influence on design. One should mention that this approach to design differed dramatically from the techniques that were used during the earlier periods. For example, the furniture, made by the supporters of the Art Nouveau Movement, could contain tracery, carvings or the use of acrylic painting. In most cases, these components did not play any functional goal and their utility was usually minimal. In contrast, modernist designers did not want to include these components because in their opinion, decorations were superfluous. This is one of the main points that should be considered. The design of furniture was not the only area that was transformed by modernism. There are many other fields of product design that were changed by this aesthetic movement. For example, one can speak about the design of dinnerwar e created in the early fifties Figure 2: Dinnerware designed by Trude Petri (Raizman, 2003, p. 189)Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Again, it is important to remember dinnerware created in the pre-modernist period usually created a great number of decorative elements. Furthermore, one should focus on the use of pure geometric forms such triangles, spheres, or squares. On the whole, this technique enabled the designers to emphasize the minimalism or austerity of their products. Moreover, in this way, the designers could illustrate the novelty of their work and its difference from previous artistic styles and movements. As it has been said before, many critics and buyers could not readily accept this style because these forms were deemed to be very unconventional (Bertens 1997). This is main peculiarity that should not be disregarded when examining the forms that are associated with modernism. It is possible to look at the photograph taken in 1930. To a great extent, this picture was aimed at popularizing the new approach to the product design. Figure 2: A Model for the New Living Style (Greenhalph 1990, p. 98) T his picture indicates that that modern designers preferred clear surfaces and pure geometric forms that have no irregularities. One should take into account that in the first half of the twentieth century, this technique was perceived as something very innovative because the majority of architects and designers avoided the use of pure geometric forms. In their opinion, this technique was too simplistic or even crude (Greenhalph 1990). Moreover, this form was not readily accepted by buyers who were accustomed to the presence of decorative elements. However, the development of modernist design popularized the new methods of production and aesthetic styles. Therefore, it is possible to say that the principles of modernism are no longer regarded as something very innovative. This is one of the main peculiarities which should be taken into account by people who study the role of modernism. Additionally, it is important to pay close attention to the use of materials that became very popul ar during the age of modernist design. Among the most popular materials that were applied in the pre-modernist era, one can distinguish wood, glass, and metal (Raizman 2003). However, the situation began to change at the beginning of the twentieth century when scientific changes widened the opportunities that were available to designers. One should focus on such materials as polyester, stainless steel, polypropylene, heat-resistant glass, aluminum, and even silicon (Raizman 2003; Ross 2008, p. 132). They could be employed for the production of furniture, home appliances, vehicles, and many other products. One can also say that they greatly contributed to the rise of mass production (Cresswell Lambert 2003, p. 122). It should be kept in mind that the development of modernism reflected the increasing industrializations of the society. The materials that have been mentioned facilitated the work of manufacturers that were oriented to the needs of mass consumer market. Thus, this aspect of modernist turned out to be very useful to them. Moreover, at that time, this approach was perceived as something very innovative because people preferred to buy products made of glass, metal, or wood. This is one of the main details that should be identified since it is vital for examining the effects of modernism on product design. Furthermore, there is another detail which suggests that modernism revolutionized the principles of product design. Such principles as minimalism, the reliance on geometric forms, and the use of innovative material enabled businesses to launch mass production of products (Raizman 2009, p. 189). To some degree, the adoption of the modernist principles helped companies increase the volume of production. Moreover, modernist approach to product design facilitated the standardization of items that had to be manufactured (Raizman 2009, p. 189). This peculiarity was of great use to many manufacturers that were producing large quantities goods at the beginni ng of the twentieth century (Raizman 2003, p. 189; Parsons 2009, p. 110). One can say that these techniques are now widely used by many companies which rely on assembly line. This aspect is also critical for understanding the novelty of modernism and its role in the course of history. Overall, these cases suggest modernism played an important role in the product design. In this case, one can speak about minimalist aesthetics, functionalism, pure geometric forms, the use of innovative materials, and orientation toward mass production. Nowadays, the innovation brought by modernism are now taken for granted, but at the modernism emerged these changes were regarded as a breakthrough. To a great extent, the principles of the modernist movement opened a new era in product design and their effects are palpable nowadays. This aesthetic movement increased the availability of many goods. Finally, it is possible to say that product design is one of those areas in which modernist principles con tinue to play a vital role. This is one of the main arguments that can be put forward. References Bertens, H 1997, International Postmodernism: Theory and Literary Practice, John Benjamins Publishing, Boston. Cresswell, L Lambert, B 2003 Product design: resistant materials technology, Heinemanin, New York. Greenhalph, P 1990, Modernism in design, Reaktion Books, Boston. Parsons, T 2009, Thinking: Objects: Contemporary Approaches to Product Design, AVA Publishing, London. Raizman, D 2003, History of Modern Design: Graphics and Products Since the Industrial Revolution, Laurence King Publishing, New York. Ross, S 2008, Modernism and Theory: A Critical Debate, Routledge, New York.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Static vs Dynamic DLL Loading With Delphi

Static vs Dynamic DLL Loading With Delphi A DLL (Dynamic Link Library) acts as a shared library of functions that can be called upon by numerous applications and other DLLs. Delphi lets you create and use DLLs so that you can call these functions at will. However, you must import these routines before you can call them. Functions exported from a DLL can be imported in two ways- either by declaring an external procedure or function (static) or by direct calls to DLL specific API functions (dynamic). Lets consider a simple DLL. Below is the code for circle.dll exporting one function, called CircleArea, which calculates the area of a circle using the given radius: Once you have the circle.dll, you can use the exported CircleArea function from your application. Static Loading The simplest way to import a procedure or function is to declare it using the external directive: If you include this declaration in the interface part of a unit, circle.dll is loaded once when the program starts. Throughout execution of the program, the function CircleArea is available to all units that use the unit where the above declaration is. Dynamic Loading You can access routines in a library through direct calls to Win32 APIs, including LoadLibrary, FreeLibrary, and GetProcAddress. These functions are declared in Windows.pas. Heres how to call the CircleArea function using dynamic loading: When importing using dynamic loading, the DLL is not loaded until the call to LoadLibrary. The library is unloaded by the call to FreeLibrary. With static loading, the DLL is loaded and its initialization sections execute before the calling applications initialization sections are executed. This is reversed with dynamic loading. Should You Use Static or Dynamic? Heres a simple look at the advantages and disadvantages of both static and dynamic DLL loading: Static Loading Pros: Easier for a beginner developer; no ugly API calls.DLLs are loaded just once, when the program starts. Cons: The application will not start if any DLLs are missing or can not be found. An error message like this will appear: This application has failed to start because missing.dll was not found. Re-installing the application may fix this problem. By design, the DLL search order with static linking includes the directory from which the application loaded, the system directory, the Windows directory, and directories listed in the PATH environment variable. Note also that the search order might be different for various Windows versions. Always expect to have all the DLLs in the directory where the calling application is.More memory is used since all DLLs are loaded even if you wont use some of the .functions Dynamic Loading Pros: You can run your program even when some of the libraries it uses are not present.Smaller memory consumption since the DLLs are used only when needed.You can specify the full path to the DLL.Could be used for modular applications. The application only exposes (loads) modules (DLLs) approved for the user.The ability to load and unload library dynamically, is the foundation of a plug-in system that allow a developer to add extra functionality to programs.Backwards compatibility with older Windows versions in which system DLLs might not support the same functions or be supported in the same way. Detecting the Windows version first, then dynamically linking based on what your app is running on, allows you to support more versions of Windows and provide workarounds for older OSs (or at the very least, gracefully disabling features you cant support.) Cons: Requires more code, which isnt always easy for a beginner developer.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Analysis and apply the various theories and schools of thought for Essay

Analysis and apply the various theories and schools of thought for California Lutheran University - Essay Example In its policy, CLU offers equal opportunities to all qualified individuals regardless of their color, race, gender, origin, or disability. The classical theories The classical theories were developed by different scholars, whose main assumptions were largely based on the relations between the management and employees (Helrich, 2012). This is attained through structures, which are formally made to enable smooth communication process, established accountability, and official practices and procedures to prevent any kind of disputes. In the California Lutheran University, the management includes the University administrators and the directors, while lecturers and other subordinate staff are the employees. They have formally made procedures to be followed such as timetables of lectures and other schedules to ensure that there is no conflict between them and the students. Workers are treated as economic individuals whose motivation is money. However, they are regarded as products of means of production. Henry Fayol came up with fourteen principles of an organization, such as division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, and unity of command. In this university, all these principles have been applied on both the faculties and the students. The workers are dedicated to working with small numbers of graduate and undergraduate students who are disciplined, and open-minded about everybody, about ideas, and about their faith. Each student is seeking to grow as an individual while pursuing his or her passion and discover his purpose. The bureaucratic Theory of Management initiated by Max Weber helps an organization achieve objectives and goals. To him, an organization is efficient if has a continuous organization of formal functions interconnected by regulations, a hierarchy in administration, and rules to regulate office conducts. The institution has formal hierarchies from the University president down to the students. The governing bodies include the Convoc ation, Regents’ Board, the Cabinet of the President, and the Faculty. The executive cabinet provides leadership for the Programs Board and the senate to ensure that policies are executed and implemented. The Programs Board on the other hand officially represents the interests and wishes of all the students enrolled in the University. This hierarchy of roles runs down from the president of the institution to the students’ body to ensure that there is proper definition in tasks for a proper operations and order. The Human Resources management Human relations and schools of thought The Human Resource part of California Lutheran University has several departments, which work collectively to ensure that administrative roles and other responsibilities are achieved as desired. For instance, the senior Human Resource Administrator of the University administers all institutional compensation programs. He works with the HR Director on most of the scheduled projects such as analy sis, implementation, design, yearly salary programs, and budgeting. He assists the director with termination or disciplinary issues and general relations with the employees. The Director of Adult Degree Evening Program oversees faculty-student relations and recruitment and leads enrolment goal achievement, retention strategies, and excellence in student activities. The central aspect of the Human Relations school of thought is that when workers work

Friday, November 1, 2019

Strategic Management for Real Chocolate Company Research Paper

Strategic Management for Real Chocolate Company - Research Paper Example Political: Decrease in over all market demand due to unstable political situation. Economic: The Economic downturn being experienced in the whole world can be lethal for the demand of chocolates. Socio-cultural: The population of U.S is getting more conscious about the problems related to health. Any product accused of effecting health of the people can lead to the loss of market share. The changing demographics of US are also affecting the demand patterns. Technological: Increased innovation and technological improvement in manufacturing and services resulting in shape of economies to scale. Legal: Improved laws regarding the health affecting food products. Environmental: The industry can face environmental threat because of the Agro-terrorism. a) Segments (main market segments): The main market segments are the B2b customers getting the franchise of the company. b) Differentiation opportunities: Artisan chocolates are creating marketing Niches. The company can also experiment with exotic flavors and ingredients mixes as experimented with big chocolates in past. Godiva Chocolatier and Russell Stover, Company's largest competitors, hold a larger share of the global market in sales of chocolates. This likely was an outcome of being a publicly traded company and maintaining the capital required for large-scale marketing ventures. Regardless, Real Chocolate Company only maintains between eight and 12 percent of the entire market, which is insufficient for their growth requirements. Market Penetration: The revenue of the company can be increased by the introduction of new franchising schemes as this can be a low cost and high revenue option. The...This likely was an outcome of being a publicly traded company and maintaining the capital required for large-scale marketing ventures. Regardless, Real Chocolate Company only maintains between eight and 12 percent of the entire market, which is insufficient for their growth requirements. The revenue of the company can be increased by the introduction of new franchising schemes as this can be a low cost and high revenue option. The company should also keep its share in the annual sales of its franchised stores and outlets. The new product to be marketed to our existing customers can be the Dark Chocolate. This will be an innovative product for the loyal customers of the Company. The Company should also introduce new franchising programs with different offers for franchisees. The Real Chocolate Company is currently working in a market where sales are being affected by competitor activities and the external environment. There are several opportunities available for Real Chocolate Company to shift its position as a follower in the sales market and emerge a leader. The company reported the revenues of $ 31.6 million which was 12 % more than the previous year.

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Main Aspects Of The Supreme Court Operating In The USA Essay

Main Aspects Of The Supreme Court Operating In The USA - Essay Example The outcome of the case was the court vacated the state court's decision and remanded the case for further proceedings. Holding: Yes. It was appropriate for the Court to use the perception of the local public as the basis for judging whether the brochures were obscene or not since they were the ones who received the pictures and filed a complaint against it for they believe it was unnecessary and uncalled for since they did not request for those brochures to be delivered to them. , Cal. Penal Code 311.2 (a) states that an individual who knowingly sends out obscene material is guilty of a misdemeanor Facts: The petitioner was a leader of Ku Klux Klan. The petitioner declared speeches which were aired on television. He was charged with violating Ohio Rev. Code Ann. 2923.1. The law stated that it was not within the confines of the law to teach terrorism or any criminal act and that it is also considered unlawful to organize a group or committee which aims to advocate syndicalism and promote acts of terrorism and crimes. The case was raised to the United States Supreme Court. The Supreme Court finalized the decision that Ohio Rev. Code Ann. ... The US Supreme Court overturned the petitioner's conviction because the decree upon which his conviction was based was unconstitutional. Issue: Was it lawful for the Supreme Court to reverse the decision using the decree U.S. Const. amends I and XIV as their main basis of reversal Holding: Yes. There was no significant and apparent evidence that provided any connection between advocating terrorism and syndicalism and organizing an assembly to execute crime and terrorism. The judgment of Ohio's Court was based on the context wherein the speech of the defendant was made. The speech was said during a rally using phrases such as 'Bury the Niggers". The Supreme Court based their judgment purely on freedom of speech and freedom of the press.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

What Is The Organizational Justice Theory Commerce Essay

What Is The Organizational Justice Theory Commerce Essay Organizational justice theory provides a model through which perceptions of fairness and equity by those affected by change can be explored and understood. OJT combines social psychological theories and psychological contract models to explain fairness judgments. Based on an individuals perception of fairness within their organization, three typologies of OJT have been defined; i) Distributive justice refers to the perceived fairness of decision outcomes and is judged by measuring whether rewards are proportional to costs (Homans, 1961, cited in Colquitt, 2006), whether outcomes stick to expectations (Blau, 1964, cited in Colquitt, 2006), and whether outcome/input ratios match those of a comparison other (Adams, 1965). ii) Procedural justice refers to the perceived fairness of decision-making procedures and is judged by gauging whether procedures are accurate, consistent, unbiased, and correctable (Leventhal, 1980, cited in Colquitt, 2006), and open to employee input (Thibaut Walker , 1975, cited in Colquitt, 2006); iii) Interactional justice refers to the perceived fairness of the performance or implementations of procedures (Bies Moag, 1986, cited in Colquitt, 2006). Implications of negative justice perceptions could be seen in an individuals behavioral response to perceived inequity of rewards. Based on exchange theories of organizational and social behavior, individuals will compare the ratio of their inputs (e.g. education, skills, effort, experiences) to outcomes (e.g. pay, promotion, recognition) with that of a referent other, and will strive to restore their perceived balance of rewards through a behavioral response. An organizations policies often signal what the organization believes to be important and can enhance employees trust and confidence in the organization (Tyler and Lind, 1992, cited in Brown. Et al., 2010). Individuals can look to the fairness of organizational policies in order to gain insight into the type of treatment they can expect to receive from the organization. Fair policies not only establish what the organization considers to be appropriate treatment but policies also build employees expectations that this treatment will occur (Sitkin and Bies, 1994, cited in Brown. Et al., 2010). Unfair policies, in contrast, can signal to employees that they might experience unfairness and/or have difficulty meeting their needs in the organizational environment. Although individuals may consider procedural justice to determine the probability of future mistreat ­ment, we argue that policies provide a more reliable source as policies are relatively stable, enduring, and often provide ex plicit guidelines for future treatment by the same or other managers in the organization. 2.1 Details of cases (Critical thinking questions no.5, pp 109) Several service representatives are upset that the newly hired representative with no previous experience will be paid $3,000 a year above the usual starting salary in the pay range. The department manager explained that the new hire would not accept the entry-level rate, so the company raised the offer by $3,000. All five reps currently earn salaries near the top of the scale ($15,000 higher than the new recruit), although they all started at the minimum starting salary a few years earlier. Use equity theory to explain why the five service representatives feel inequity in this situation. 3. Problem Identification by Niek Ling Keong Equity theory focuses on the concept of how hard a person is willing to work is dependent on their perception of what is fair or just when compared to others (Redmond, 2010).   In the early sixties, John Stacey Adams proposed that employee motivation is impacted by whether or not the employee believes that their employment benefit/rewards (output/outcomes) are at least equal to the amount of the effort they put into their work (input).   If an employee believes their outputs are not equal to or greater than their input, then the employee will become de-motivated.   Employees will often compare their inputs and outputs to a peer within the organization when judging whether or not the outputs that they receive are fair. In this case, five service representatives feel inequity in their company because they did not get high salary ($3,000) compared to those new recruits even though they all started at the minimum level few years earlier. When a person perceives his/her input/outcom e ratio to be unequal with a comparison other, inequity results, they may choose to use cognitive (e.g., adjust perceptions of referent others inputs or outcomes) or behavioral (e.g., increasing or decreasing inputs) approaches to resolve the inequity. However, individuals subjected to the same inequitable situations often respond in different ways, suggesting that there may be individual differences in sensitivity to inequity (Redmond, 2010). Specifically, research suggests that individuals are differentially sensitive to disparities in outcome/input ratios between themselves and their referents, which helps to explain why there are differences in reactions among individuals to the same unfair situations. Equity theory can be broken down into four basic schemes (Huseman, Hatfield, Miles, 1987, cited in Redmond 2010) 1.   Individuals develop their perception of fairness by calculating a ratio of their inputs and outcomes and then comparing this to the ratio of others (Huseman, et. al., 1987). Inputs are the value proposition of individuals, such as their productivity, time, and education. Other examples include the experience, knowledge, ability, qualifications and ambition of the individual (Cory, 2006). Outcomes are the rewards an individual receives. These rewards can be tangible, such as financial compensation, or intangible, such as recognition or job security. The comparable other could be a co-worker, a relative, the industry norm, a friend, or even a group of individuals (Adams, 1963). The comparable other can even be oneself in a past job (Adams, 1963). For example, an individual may not perceive he is being treated fairly when he works 40 hours per week (input) and receives $500 in pay (output) while his co-worker works 30 hours per week and receives $650 in pay. In this critical ques tion, the five representatives think that those new recruits dont have previous experience, same with them who start work at the minimum level few years ago. However, the salary earn by those newly hired representatives are higher than the salary earned by senior representatives. 2.   If the comparative ratios are perceived by the individual to be unequal, then inequity exists (Huseman, et. al., 1987). According to equity theory, an individual needs to perceive that the ratios of their contributions are weighted fairly: determined by equal ratios. Equity is all about balance (Spector 2008). Equity is present when a person feels that they are receiving the appropriate amount of outcomes from their inputs, when compared to their chosen comparison other. Inequity exists when there is a perceived difference in the ratios of inputs and outcomes. Two specific types of inequity exist: underpayment inequity and overpayment inequity. Underpayment inequity occurs when an individual perceives that their ratio is smaller than their comparison other: they are getting less for their inputs. For example, if someone feels they are putting in more effort or working harder than a co-worker, yet they earn equal or less compensation, their perceived ratios will be different an d that person will experience underpayment inequity. In contrast, overpayment inequity tips the scales in the other direction. For example, someone will feel they are being paid too much considering their work, when compared to the work and compensation of a co-worker. This can cause feelings of guilt and the ratios used for comparison are based upon the perception of an individual, and not an objective measure of inputs and outcomes. Additionally, the choice of a comparison other is also the subjective selection of the individual. While in this case, the senior representatives feel inequity of overpayment exists due to the higher salary in comparative ratios to the newly representatives. 3.  As the difference in inequity increases, the tension and distress felt by an individual will increase (Huseman, et. al., 1987). Smaller differences of inequity are more tolerable than significant differences of inequity. Not every person will experience equity or inequity in the same way because people have varying tolerance levels or sensitivity to perceived situations of inequity. Three types of individuals have been identified along an equity sensitivity scale: compassionate, equity sensitives, and entitled (Huseman, et. al.,  1987). Benevolents are more tolerant of underreward (Huseman, et. al., 1987). Equity sensitives follow the norm of equity theory and prefer their ratios to be equal to their comparison other (Huseman, et. al., 1987). Entitleds prefer to be in over-reward situations and want their ratio to exceed that of their comparison other (Huseman, et. al., 1987). Entitleds frequently have the attitude that the world owes them a favor, so they will freely accept and seek out over-reward situations. In this critical study of question, five representatives are perceived as entitleds since they still think the company owes them a good turn although they earn $15,000, which is near the top scale of salary and is higher than the new recruits. 4.  The greater tension an individual feels due to perceived inequity, the harder they will work to decrease their tension and increase perceived levels of equity (Huseman, et. al., 1987). Most individuals will try to achieve equity by adjusting their own inputs and outcomes, or attempting to change the inputs or outcomes of the comparison other. Individuals can use behavioral processes or cognitive processes in order to attempt to restore equity. Examples include decreasing productivity at work, finding a new job, asking for a wage increase, changing the comparative other, or attempting to distort or justify changes in their perceptions of inputs and/or outcomes (Adams, 1963). The means of reducing inequity will vary depending on the situation and will not all be equally satisfying to an individual (Adams, 1963). 4. Source of the problem by Ng Hui Ming a. Explanation Equity theory deals with two questions: (1) What do people think is fair and equitable? And (2) How do they respond when they feel they are getting far more or far less from their relationships than they deserve? How do they react when they see their fellows harvesting undeserved benefits or enduring undeserved suffering? Interestingly, Lind and Van den Bos (2002, cited in Sora, B. et al. 2010) conceptualized the integration of justice with stress through uncertainty management theory. This model can be summarized by the following principle: people use fairness to manage their reactions to uncertainty, finding comfort in related or even unrelated fair experiences and finding additional suffering in unfair experiences (Lind and Van den Bos, 2002: 216, cited in Sora, B. et al. 2010). In other words, work uncertainty is perceived as a threatening situation for employees. In this setting, employees tend to seek certainty and security, and one way to obtain them is through developing fai rness judgements that make the uncertain event more predictable. Organizational justice is an effective tool to reduce the feelings of uncertainty and, therefore, lessen the discom ­fort to a great extent (Elovainio et al., 2005; Judge and Colquitt, 2004; Thau et al., 2007, cited in Sora, B. et al. 2010). In this case, the inequity judgment by those five service representatives that new employees will be getting more pay of salary has caused them to feel unsecure. This is say so because the salaries earn by new recruits now are higher than the time senior representative earned. They worry that those newly hired workers will earn much than them in a very short time since the newly recruits starting salary already higher than them compare to the time they started at minimum level. b. Mind-map In this critical question, the five senior representatives feel they are facing underpayment equity, they feel that the salary they earn when working at the starting minimum level are lower than those newly recruits now. The senior representatives feel very upset and dissatisfy because manager explained that the newly hired would not accept the previous entry level rate. The newly representatives have no previous experience, but why still being paid $ 3,000 yearly above the usual staring salary in the pay range. Comparison between the situations faced by two groups of representatives 5. Learning outcomes by Ng Hui Ming After completing this study of paper, we should be able to: a. Identify what is Equity theory and under payment equity. b. Balance or correct the inequity feelings of employees towards co-workers. c. Know what managers can do to overcome/ reduce the perceptions of inequity by employees. 6. Responses to inequality by Ng Hui Ming Equity theory suggests that when individuals perceive inequality between their own outcome/input ratio and that of the comparison referent, they are motivated to respond. Specifically, equity theory outlined six possible responses that individuals may take to restore equity: a) change their inputs, b) adjust their outcomes, c) distorts their inputs and outcomes cognitively, d) leave the situation, e) act on the comparison referent to influence its inputs or outcomes, and f) compare to a different referent. There is little information, either in Adams (1965), or in subsequent work, that predicts when individuals will choose a particular response option. Equity theory comprises four linking suggestions: SUGGESTION I: Individuals try to maximize their outcomes (where outcomes equal rewards minus costs). SUGGESTION IIA: Groups can maximize collective reward by evolving accepted systems for equitably apportioning resources among members. Thus, groups will develop such systems of equity, and will try to persuade members to accept and stick to these systems. SUGGESTION IIB: Groups will generally reward members who treat other equitably, and generally punish (increase the costs for) members who treat others inequitably. SUGGESTION III: When individuals find themselves participating in inequitable relationships, they will become distressed. The more inequitable the relationship, the more suffering individuals will feel. SUGGESTION IV: Individuals who discover they are in an inequitable relationship will attempt to eliminate their distress by restoring equity. The greater the inequity that exists, the more distress they will feel, and the harder they will try to restore equity. 7. Choose alternatives to solve inequality by Loh Sin Yee One behavioural approach for an individual to balance equity is to either increase or decrease their inputs in order to achieve equity. If they feel underrewarded they will decrease their inputs. For example, an employee who feels underpaid at work compared to his coworkers (underreward) might start taking longer breaks in order to read the entire newspaper which decreases productivity (reduced input). By decreasing inputs, the perception of equity is restored. Underpayment Equity Thus, consistent with uncertainty management theory and with the assumption that job insecurity reflects uncertainty about job loss, we would expect that organizational justice related to organizational aspects such as resource distribution, personal treatment and processes could be related to employees outcomes and moderate the relationship between job insecurity and its outcomes. That is, organizational justice could help employees to deal with the uncertainty of job insecurity, justifying the negative outcomes of job insecurity and, therefore, preventing deterioration of job satisfaction. 8. Team reflection by Loh Sin Yee A concern with fairness or justice is critical to the management of numerous organizational issues (e.g., pay distribution, grievance resolution; Greenberg, 1990, cited in Kilbourne, L.M., OLeary-Kelly, A.M. (1994). In fact, in any distribution of outcomes (positive or negative) across individuals, employee perceptions of fairness are important. Because these perceptions of fairness are related to both organizational functioning and employee satisfaction (Greenberg, 1990; Leventhal, 1980, cited in Kilbourne, L.M., OLeary-Kelly, A.M. (1994), organizational scholars and practitioner equally are interested in understanding them. As a result, managers must try to communicate with their employees frequently to understand their feelings or perceptions towards inequity or any dissatisfaction on work. Adams (1965) equity theory proposes that an individual who believes an exchange is inequitable will be motivated to achieve equity or reduce inequity. According to the theory, individuals determine if exchanges are equitable by computing the ratio of perceived personal outcomes (rewards) to perceived inputs (contributions) and comparing this ratio with the perceived outcome/input ratio of some comparison referent that they have chosen. If inequality is perceived, the individual is expected to experience tension and to be motivated to respond either cognitively or behaviorally to restore equity. By the way, an employer can also prevent consequences from perceptions of inequity. For example, Skarlicki and Folger (1997, cited in Redmond 2010) found that employees that are treated with respect are more likely to tolerate unfair pay. Whether the pay or compensation is actually unfair might be irrelevant. To the employee a perception of unfair compensation is the same as actual unfair compensation. So, if an employee has a perception of inequity in their compensation they might be more willing to tolerate their perception of unfair pay if they are treated with respect by their employer. Then they will be less likely to decrease their inputs or engage in counter-productive work behaviours to compensate for a perception of underpayment inequity. So, in addition to establishing fair distribution and procedures in an organization, employers should always treat their employees with respect. This can help maintain or increase motivation and prevent problems that stem from perceptions o f under reward. Employers also need to remember that employees can value different outcomes. For example, younger employees tend to value more pay (Miles, et. al., 1994, cited in Redmond 2010). Even if an employee receives a higher salary than their co-worker they could still develop a perception of inequity if that co-worker has a flexible schedule, and a flexible schedule is more valuable to them than extra salary. To combat this problem, employers can implement two strategies. First, they could continually request feedback from employees to determine what they value and how they would prefer to be compensated. Another strategy used by employers is to offer a choice in benefits. For example, one employee might want to use a health flexible spending account while another employee might prefer to have a dependent care flexible spending account. Employers can offer choices on health or dental insurance as well as other choices among benefits. This type of plan, called a cafeteria sty le, allows employees to select outcomes that they value most. This can help prevent perceptions of inequity because each employee has the outcomes that they value the highest. This helps increase their ratio of inputs to outcomes when compared to their co-workers. Employers can also utilize intangible rewards such as a pat on the back, a luncheon, or even simple praise in front of co-workers. These simple intangible rewards can help balance a measure of inputs and outcomes. 9. Conclusion by Loh Sin Yee After we have studied the problem and revised on the research done by several researchers, we can now understand about Equity theory and underpayment equity. Additionally, the five senior representatives must know how to balance or correct the inequity feelings towards newly hired representatives. They are encouraged to use the behavioural approaches to change the input or outcome of their comparative other. Furthermore, it is important for managers to understand and prevent consequences from perceptions of inequity by employees. Equity theory of motivation, developed in the early 1960s by Adams (1965), recognizes that motivation can be affected through an individuals perception of fair treatment in social exchanges.  When compared to other people, individuals want to be compensated fairly for their contributions. The organization may need to recognize the different interpretations inherent with such group of employees and devise a strategy for effectively managing their different perceptions. 10. References by Ng Hui Ming Redmond, B.F. (2010).   Lesson 5:   Equity theory:   Is what I get for my work fair compared to others? Work Attitudes and Motivation.  The Pennsylvania State University World Campus. Adams, J.S. (1965). Inequality in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp.267-299). New York: Academic Press. Williamson, K., Williams, K.J. (2010). Organizational justice, trust and perceptions of fairness in the implementation of agenda for change. Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The College of Radiographers, United Kingdom. Radiography 17 (2011) 61-66. Retrieved February 23, 2011, from www.elsevier.com/locate/radi. Colquitt, J.A., Scott, B.A., Judge, T.A., Shaw, J.C. (2006). Justice and personality: Using integrative theories to derive moderators of justice effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 100 (2006) 110-127. Retrieved February 23, 2011, from www.elsevier.com/locate/obhdp. Brown, G., Bemmels, B., Barclay, L.J. (2010). The importance of policy in perceptions of organizational justice. Journal of human relations. 63(10) 1587-1609. Retrieved February 23, 2011, from http://hum.sagepub.com/content/63/10/1587. Sora, B., Caballer, A., Peiro, J.M., Silla, I., Gracia, F.J. (2010). Moderating influence of oganizational justice on the relationship between job insecurity and its outcomes: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Economic and Industrial Democracy. 31(4) 613-637. Retrieved February 23, 2011, from http://eid.sagepub.com/content/31/4/613. Karriker, J.H., Williams, M.L. (2009). Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Mediated Multifoci Model. Journal of Management 2009. 35:112. Retrieved February 23, 2011, from http://jom.sagepub.com/content/35/1/112. Roch, S.G., Shanock, L.R. (2009). Organizational Justice in an Exchange Framework: Clarifying Organizational Justice Distinctions. Journal of Management 2006 32: 299. Retrieved February 23, 2011, from http://jom.sagepub.com/content/32/2/299. Kilbourne, L.M., OLeary-Kelly, A.M. (1994). A Reevaluation of Equity Theory: The Influence of Culture. Journal of Management Inquiry 1994 3: 177. Retrieved February 23, 2011, from http://jmi.sagepub.com/content/3/2/177. Paula W. P. (2006). Procedural justice and voice effects. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict. Retrieved 23 Feb, 2011, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1TOT/is_1_10/ai_n25009730/.