Judgment of Paris Essay

Two actors from Paris, Robichon and Quinquart, fall in love with a woman, their co-star on stage. The trouble is, the lady loves both the men! Finally she devised a plan – she would marry the one whom the Parisians awarded the best actor title. How will they judge the two actors? Bit/Bits Robichon and Quinquart were two comedy actors in Paris and Suzanne was a beautiful actress in their troupe. The two actors loved Suzanne and Suzanne loves the two of them alike. When she was pressed from both the sides, Suzanne had to agree to marry one and consider the other as friend. (I wonder, who made it a law that one should marry only one!) Suzanne leaves the decision to the Paris audience. Whomever the audience chose as the best actor, she will marry him! Now the big question arises – how will Paris choose the best actor? How? How? While the two actors were seriously thinking and discussing about this, they had a visitor. Jacques Roux. Jacques Roux was once an executioner – an official who executed convicted criminals under the guillotine. Now that Jacques Roux had retired from service and is spreading the awareness that capital punishment was a crime against humanity. He wanted his message to be spread through dramatic monologues. Because Jacques had stage-fright, he seeks Robichon’s help and the latter agrees. Robichon enacted Jacques’ role in front of the Paris audience and everyone was spell bound. Suzanne was almost Robichon’s. At this, Quinquart counteracts. He disguises as Marquis de Thevenin, a judge, and invites Robichon to dine with him. During the meeting the Marquis (Quinquart) informs Robichon that he (Robichon) was going to die of the poisoned wine he had taken as a punishment for wrongly sentencing his son. Robichon believes this and is outwitted. Paris chooses Quinquart as the better actor and the judgment goes in favor of Quinquart. Summary What happens if two equally talented actors in Paris (or anywhere else) want to marry the same woman? This was a haunting question that Robichon and Quinquart had to answer because the two actors wanted to marry the beautiful Suzanne. When the duo failed to resolve the issue, Suzanne said, â€Å"Let Paris  decide.† â€Å"But how will Paris decide?† they asked. â€Å"By your performance!,† she replied. That was again another problem. They were like Aamir Khan and Sha Rukh Khan or like Mohanlal and Mammootty or Will Smith and Sylvester Stallone! No, I am wrong – they were comedians. They were like, like, yeas, Charley Chaplin and Johny Lever (I am not good at comparison!) By the way, students of Functional English, I do not have your text. If you send me the scanned/photographed copies of chapters, I can publish those chapters too. So, Robichon and Quinquart had to find a more convincing way to stand above the other. While they were thinking of this, they had a visitor – a retired executioner, and his name was Jacques Roux. You know that an executioner’s job is to kill the criminals whom the court sentences to death. In Paris execution is carried out by a guillotine, a terrible machine whose suspended blade falls on the culprit’s neck. Jacques Roux was disillusioned so he wanted to spread awareness in France about the cruelty of capital punishment. Being no good speaker (he had stage fright), Jacques Roux requested Robichon and Quinquart to do that for him. Without much thinking, Robichon accepted the offer and in a couple of days he gave a terrible shock to the Parisian audience as Jacques Roux but what Quinquart did was more than a shock. You will find that in the analysis section. â€Å"Alas!† persisted the newcomer, â€Å"with me time presses. I, too, am considering my latest part–and it will be the only speaking part I have ever played, though I have been ‘appearing’ for twenty years.† 1. ​​What does Jacques Roux mean by his latest parts? Jacques Roux was an ex-executioner who had resigned from his profession to spread the message that capital punishment was evil by telling the audience of the horrors of the post he had resigned. By his latest part, Jacques Rous meant this. 2. ​What does Jacques Roux refer to the ‘only speaking part’ that he had ever played? Jacques Roux was an ex-executioner. While he was an executioner, he never had a speaking part to do. All he had to do was to see the guillotine blade killed the convict in the best way, without a word. As he resigned from his profession for the horror of it, he was now aiming the stage to tell the world of the horror of capital punishment, the only speaking part in his life. 3. ​Why did Robichon take an acute interest in Jacques Roux’s case? On listening to Jacques Roux’s story and his intentions in life, Robichon thought of performing his story as to prove his acting skills for marrying Bruette. questions 1. Why do you think that Robichon and Quinquart were the best of actors?Robichon and Quinquart were the most loved comedians of Paris. Their very presence on the stage made the audience fall with laughter. When the fat Robichon merely opened his mouth, people started laughing and when the skinny Quinquart remained silent, the audience could not stop laughing. 2. Why did Robichon and Quinquart plague Miss Brouette? How did she solve this crisis? Both Robichon and Quinquart loved Miss Suzanne Brouette as she loved them, flirted with them and had passion for them. But when she was asked to choose one of them as her husband, she could not take a decision. She solved this crisis by asking them to prove their skills on the stage and be judged by the Paris audience. 3. What were the practical difficulties for Paris being the judge? There were two practical difficulties for Paris being the judge. If the usual Paris audience was to be the judge, the two actors should stage their performance on the same stage, same theater but the authorities would not allow them to play serious roles as they had always been identified with comic roles. Besides, both Robichon and Quinquart were equally loved and admired by the Parisians. 4. What brought the friendship of Quinquart and Robichon to a halt because they were both men of the world? Because Quinquart and Robichon were men of the world with emotions, they had both fallen in love with the fair Mademoiselle Brouette, their companion on the stage and for the very same reason, none of them could sacrifice his love for his friend. 5. Why was it necessary that the two actors remained funny till either they reached their death-bed or they demonstrated the supremacy of one of them? The two actors, Quinquart and R obichon, were determined to woo their companion actress Brouette by establishing their acting caliber above the other for the judgment of their Paris audience. 6. â€Å"Our only hope lies in versatility – the conqueror must distinguish in a solemn part.† What did Robichon mean by this? Why were Robichon and Quinquart pleased to accept this? Robichon and Quinquart were the best of comedians and no one had a doubt on this, therefore proving their skills in  handling serious roles as well was important. Robichon agreed to this idea because he knew that the audience would never accept his rival Quinquart as a serious actor because his very presence made the audience laugh. Quinquart was glad to accept this idea because he believed that a man like Robichon with his very heavy body would not get the sympathy of the audience. 7. Why did Quinquart readily agree with Robichon to play tragedy? Quinquart readily agreed to play a tragedy role because he believed that he could better than Robichon because the latter happened to be a fat man for whom playing a serious role was difficult and unlikely. 8. Why did Robichon think that doing a serious role was not going to be easy for the two actors? Robichon was of the opinion that the management of the theatre for which they had been hired and employed would not allow them do an off-track role, a change from comedy to tragedy. Besides, the two had been successful in comedy and the audience would not accept them doing solemn roles. 9. â€Å"There are Robichon and Quinquart, how amusing they always are!† What is ironical about this public opinion? For Paris people both Robichon and Quinquart were their dear comedians and therefore they could never think that they too had pains and sufferings. While they were amused to see them, the comedians were going through one of their hardest trials as to how to win their lady by defeating each other which was almost impossible. 10. Why did Robichon suggest performing off stage? Why was doing an off-the-usual stage performance not a good idea? Robichon, seeing that the two are equally good at acting and were loved by their usual audience for whom they played, because their audience would not choose a better actor, thought it wise to performing privately off-stage. Though this appeared to be a good idea, Quinquart found it not serving the desired purpose because their performance was to be judged by Paris. 11. Who was Jacques Roux? What did he want to tell the world? Why did he seek Robichon’s help? Jacques Roux was once a public executioner whose profession was to behead criminals under the guillotine. Having abandoned his profession because he believed capital punishment was evil, he wished to spend the rest of his life spreading this message on stage. Though he was determined to do so and having got an audience at Appeville-sous-Bois, he found it hard to perform for an audience due to stage-fright. He approached Robichon and Quinquart seeking advices to solve his fear on the stage. 12. â€Å"Across the sunlit terrace seemed to have fallen the black shadow of  guillotine.† How does this statement explain the mood? Jacques Roux was once an executioner though he abandoned the profession. He was a guillotine operator, a man who cared for the precision of the guillotine and accuracy of the blade-fall, so his presence reminded of the shadow of the guillotine. 13. Why did Robichon speak dramatically about Jacques Roux’s story? Having decided to do the very dramatic role for Jacques Roux, Robichon thought of convincing Roux of his acting skills. By dramatically speaking like this, he placed himself at a position of asking Roux to let him perform for him. 14. What was ‘queer’ about Jacques Roux suffering from stage fright? Jacques Roux was once a public executioner. His profession was to kill convicted criminals under guillotine without the speck of feelings. Even though he later awakened to a conscience stricken man, it was queer to think t hat he had stage fear. 15. Why did Robichon ask Mr. Jacques Roux if he was known to his audience? Robichon was determined to enact the role that Jacques Roux was to play at Appeville-sous-Bois so he wanted to know if the audience could recognize him when Robichon impersonated Jacques Roux. 16. Why did Jacques Roux agree to let Robichon play his part at Appeville-sous-Bois? Jacques Roux was a changed man though he was once an executioner. He wanted to spread the message that capital punishment was itself a crime against humanity. He agree to let Robichon play the role for him because in that way his message could reach the audience in the best way and he could earn five hundred francs for not doing his role on the stage. 17. Why did Suzanne make more of Quinquart after she heard about Robichon’s prospect of winning her? Though it is not very clear if Suzanne rejoiced at the prospect of Robichon’s winning her, she was found moving and talking with Quinquart more than usual which suggests her ex pression of love for Quinquart. It was likely that she was aware of the fact that she had very little time left to spend with him before getting married to the worthier Robichon. 18. How did Suzanne and Quinquart respond to Robichon’s performance? Sitting with the audience, watching Robichon’s performance, Suzanne felt relieved that Robichon hadn’t been able to strike the right note and that he hadn’t been able to impress the audience while Quinquart remarked that Robichon was amusing the audience for the contrasting effect. 19. What makes you think that Robichon’s performance as Jacques Roux was a great success that sealed his victory over Quinquart? Robichon’s playing the role of Jacques Roux,  from a pleasant note to a gruesome, hideous performance held the audience’ breath even after he ended and the curtain fell. Enumerating the horrors of the condemned criminals along with his shouting that he was a murderer and sob that accompanied his cry left a pin-drop silence in the hall. The fact that the audience didn’t clap at the end of his performance, that he withdrew amid tense silence and the rush of the press representatives placed the crown on Robichon’s success. 20. Why did Quinquart generously congratulate his rival even after the latter had defeated him in the test? Robichon’s performance was remarkable and deserved the praises even of his enemies but it was not for this reason that Quinquart congratulated Robichon. Being very smart, Quinquart had devised a plan to counter Robichon and he was confident that his plan would work as he envisaged. 21. Why was Robichon amazed on reaching the Marquis’ house? Robichon had expected the residence of a typical Marquis but it was more or less like a lodging. He was admitted by a peasant and was led into an ordinary room. 22. Why did Quinquart put on a lot of make-up while impersonating the imaginary Marquis Thevenin? Quinquart was very much known to his companion Robichon so appearing in front of him as an old man was definitely risky. To make sure he would not be recognized, Quinquart put on a load of make-up so that Robichon will feel sympathy for the old man rather than suspicion. 23. What do you figure out about the exact reason why the Marquis had been late? The character of Marquis Thevenin, the most significant role played by Quinquart to defeat his companion Robichon to win Suzanne, demanded considerable effort. Quinquart had to manage all that make-up during his journey to the lodging where his character had to meet Robichon who too would travel to this destination at the same time. To ease his efforts, to make time for his make-up, Quinquart had to give the excuse that he had been to his doctor. 24. How did Quinquart play his role of Marquis Thevenin? Quinquart made a crafty plot to give the biggest shock to his companion and rival, Robichon. Dressed as an old Marquis, infirm and broken hearted, he invited Quinquart who made himself known as Jacques Roux, an ex-executioner who resigned his post because of his late realization that capital punishment was a crime. Having served his guest a cup of wine, Quinquart – the Marquis – informed the ‘ex-executioner’ that the wine was poisoned to  kill him to avenge his son’s execution by his hands. However, Quinquart brought an end to his scary drama by revealing his identity.

Social media

All three articles promote the concept of using social media to build and maintain relationships with the public. In the state of emergency all three highlight the significance of social media networks because they allow for Instant communication between lost family members, volunteers and emergency services. Article 1 concludes that companies that are active on social media need to follow 3 strategies: disclosure or openness, Information delimitation and Interactivity and Involvement (Men & Tsar 2011).Both Article 1 and 3 both underline poor use of social medals attention and recommended online Interaction through two-way communication, which Includes replying or acknowledging user posts and comments, and posting content for entertainment purposes rather than just promotion. Article 2 showcases how organizations can better use social media platforms to interact and build relationships with their publics.The studies in all three articles reveal that overall the Chinese level of engag ement with corporate social network sites was rated at the medium level because users on Render (Chinese social media site) viewed social Edie as a platform to ask enquiries not Just view marketing and promotion material. 3) The common theme found in the research surrounding ‘social media' is its rapid transformation over the past ten years and how its use can go beyond its original intention. Backbone, was referred to at the time as a college version of Friends (DRP.Curtis 2013). Backbone and Twitter have developed new features to companies to stay relevant in the new digital age. Social media has changed communication channels and mediums over the last 10 years (Pashas 2013). All of the articles display the significance of creating a ‘sense of community belonging and affiliation' because social media connects and engages people from the comfort of their own home. However, our group learnt that organizations do not utilize social media to its best potential in relation to creating user to company relationships.As seen in the additional two articles ‘Moms for Blobbing' (source 1) and ‘China's Social Medal Fuel Citizen Quake Response' (source 2), social media Is connecting societies and communities around the world. As seen In source 2 the ability of civil society groups o coordinate a relief effort were â€Å"enhanced by Sins Hello, the Twitter-Like microbiology that did not exist in 2008 but now has more than 500 million users â€Å"(c)level society Is much more capable today compared to 2008,† (Levin 2013).All five articles and additional research highlight the evolution of social prom has the ability to influence people's attitudes and behaviors. 4) When it comes to social media and public relations the ability to form, build and maintain affiliations is a pivotal factor and will assist an organization to attain positive public relationships. As Ferguson stated ‘relationships – not the organization, nor the publi c, nor the communication process – should be the unit of study in public relations (Manager 2012).Therefore the relationship theory, which focuses on public relationships, is proposed by a number of scholars. As recommended in all the supporting articles time invested [in creating and maintaining relationships] makes a difference' (Sterner 2012). The relationship theory best demonstrates the conclusions of all articles because it supports the concept of developing ‘a social Edie strategy to grow virtual communities with stakeholders' (Lovely, Waters & Sexton 2012). It also promotes effectively building and maintaining relationships between the organization and the publics.However as illustrated in the articles 1, 2 and 3, the effective execution of this may be limited due to ‘cognitive dissonance' through the instruction received on application of social media. The notion of organizational public relationships as core to public relations is the focus of scholars B urning and Laddering (2000, p. 9) who state that, â€Å"the purpose and direction of an organization (its mission) is affected by relationships with key constituents (publics) in the organizational environment†.The emergence of social media has altered public communication and interaction from human-tachometer to human-to-human and human-to-content. The excellence theory provides a rich and abundance body of knowledge in public relations and a key finding in the study found that PR is a â€Å"unique management function that helps an organization interact with the social and political components of its environment† (des Chic,J & Snotty, G 2009). Social media All three articles promote the concept of using social media to build and maintain relationships with the public. In the state of emergency all three highlight the significance of social media networks because they allow for Instant communication between lost family members, volunteers and emergency services. Article 1 concludes that companies that are active on social media need to follow 3 strategies: disclosure or openness, Information delimitation and Interactivity and Involvement (Men & Tsar 2011).Both Article 1 and 3 both underline poor use of social medals attention and recommended online Interaction through two-way communication, which Includes replying or acknowledging user posts and comments, and posting content for entertainment purposes rather than just promotion. Article 2 showcases how organizations can better use social media platforms to interact and build relationships with their publics.The studies in all three articles reveal that overall the Chinese level of engag ement with corporate social network sites was rated at the medium level because users on Render (Chinese social media site) viewed social Edie as a platform to ask enquiries not Just view marketing and promotion material. 3) The common theme found in the research surrounding ‘social media' is its rapid transformation over the past ten years and how its use can go beyond its original intention. Backbone, was referred to at the time as a college version of Friends (DRP.Curtis 2013). Backbone and Twitter have developed new features to companies to stay relevant in the new digital age. Social media has changed communication channels and mediums over the last 10 years (Pashas 2013). All of the articles display the significance of creating a ‘sense of community belonging and affiliation' because social media connects and engages people from the comfort of their own home. However, our group learnt that organizations do not utilize social media to its best potential in relation to creating user to company relationships.As seen in the additional two articles ‘Moms for Blobbing' (source 1) and ‘China's Social Medal Fuel Citizen Quake Response' (source 2), social media Is connecting societies and communities around the world. As seen In source 2 the ability of civil society groups o coordinate a relief effort were â€Å"enhanced by Sins Hello, the Twitter-Like microbiology that did not exist in 2008 but now has more than 500 million users â€Å"(c)level society Is much more capable today compared to 2008,† (Levin 2013).All five articles and additional research highlight the evolution of social prom has the ability to influence people's attitudes and behaviors. 4) When it comes to social media and public relations the ability to form, build and maintain affiliations is a pivotal factor and will assist an organization to attain positive public relationships. As Ferguson stated ‘relationships – not the organization, nor the publi c, nor the communication process – should be the unit of study in public relations (Manager 2012).Therefore the relationship theory, which focuses on public relationships, is proposed by a number of scholars. As recommended in all the supporting articles time invested [in creating and maintaining relationships] makes a difference' (Sterner 2012). The relationship theory best demonstrates the conclusions of all articles because it supports the concept of developing ‘a social Edie strategy to grow virtual communities with stakeholders' (Lovely, Waters & Sexton 2012). It also promotes effectively building and maintaining relationships between the organization and the publics.However as illustrated in the articles 1, 2 and 3, the effective execution of this may be limited due to ‘cognitive dissonance' through the instruction received on application of social media. The notion of organizational public relationships as core to public relations is the focus of scholars B urning and Laddering (2000, p. 9) who state that, â€Å"the purpose and direction of an organization (its mission) is affected by relationships with key constituents (publics) in the organizational environment†.The emergence of social media has altered public communication and interaction from human-tachometer to human-to-human and human-to-content. The excellence theory provides a rich and abundance body of knowledge in public relations and a key finding in the study found that PR is a â€Å"unique management function that helps an organization interact with the social and political components of its environment† (des Chic,J & Snotty, G 2009).

Black People and Roberta Essay

In Toni Morrison’s â€Å"Recitatif,† the story is about two girls, Twyla and Roberta. They grow up in an orphanage because their mothers could not care for them. Morrison makes it clear the girls come from different ethnic backgrounds but never states which one is black or white. At one point in the story Twyla comments, â€Å"We looked like salt and pepper. † I grew frustrated with the story and had to read it several times. I could never determine who was black and white and the lesson I learned should have been it doesn’t really matter. The story begins with Twyla’s mother dropping her off at the orphanage. She meets Roberta and they become best friends. The bond they share occurs because they were not considered real orphans. They were abandoned kids unlike the other children whose parents had died. One of the last times the girls see each other was the day of a visitation. On that night, Twyla’s mother was wearing â€Å"those tight green slacks that made her butt stick out. † Many people have labeled blacks as having larger butts. She could have been black, she could have been a heavy white woman with a large butt, or a Hispanic woman like me. But I automatically stereotyped and went with Twyla has to be black. During the visitation Roberta’s mother â€Å"had brought chicken legs. † Twyla notices Roberta does not eat the chicken legs. I always thought black people liked chicken more than white people which means Roberta was white since she did not eat the chicken. Or maybe she just wasn’t hungry. Shortly after that visitation Roberta’s mother came to take her home, leaving the girls devastated. They see each other several times throughout the years. At their first meeting, Roberta was rude and distant because she was high. Roberta tells Twyla she is on the way to see Jimi Hendrix. Hendrix was an infamous black guitarist. I thought at this point Roberta has to be black. However Hendrix’s band was interracial with a diverse audience. Roberta could have been white due to the diverse audience. I am a huge Hendrix fan and I am not black so why would I think Roberta is. Twelve years later they meet again at a grocery store. Roberta married a rich man and was extremely friendly to Twyla. Twyla cannot hold back her emotions and asks Roberta about the last time they saw each other. Roberta shrugs it off, â€Å"Oh, Twyla, you know how it was in those days: black—white. You know how everything was. † I can relate to this. In 1980, the Cuban Mariel Boat Lifts came over bring thousands of Cubans. I am Cuban but I was born here. Kids I had known since kindergarten treated me as if I just come over on the boats. It had a lasting effect on me and matured me beyond my years. The third time they meet is at the school where their children attend. Roberta and other mothers were picketing because they did not want their kids to be segregated. This led to a fight severing any last chance of a friendship for them as it would not be resolved until Twyla and Roberta meet for a final time. As the story ends I do not get a sense of closure. The question of which girl is white or black remains unanswered. It opened my eyes and made me question how prejudice I really am. I try to not stereotype as a result of what I went through as a child but I found myself doing just that. I can understand why Morrison wrote the way she. I am not sure what her goal was overall but to me it seemed as if she were teaching me about prejudices. â€Å"Recitatif† challenged me to not judge either girl by their race but accept them for who they are. In the end, what difference did it really make about the girls’ races? The story is about how their friendship develops and then deteriorates. Nothing more; nothing less.

FitMath Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

FitMath - Essay Example According to the research facing the dilemma between scholastic education and extracurricular and health education can be daunting, especially in the light of the impetus to heighten academic performance in schools. FitMath attempts to bridge the gap between physical education and academia by implementing a syllabus involving physical activity, using it as a pathway to reach out to young students who need in so much. FitMath fits Math into the curriculum, allowing students to profit from interdisciplinary learning via health education. In tandem with mathematics, fields such as biology, anatomy, physiology and physics will be open to them. Launched by the US government as a programmed new approach towards education, FitMath’s objectives consist of a merger of â€Å"the guiding principles in the Massachusetts Department of Education Mathematics and Comprehensive Health Curriculum Frameworks, by utilizing aerobics and fitness as a means to support a better understanding of math ematical vocabulary and concepts.† Active participation will bear the fruits of a healthier lifestyle, a more confident perception of one’s own physical abilities and stronger grasp in English Language and Science. To assess the effectiveness of FitMath, researchers have decided to conduct an in-depth survey on the participants of five FitMath centers in Massachusetts. By obtaining quantitative and qualitative data, researchers will have a better understanding of FitMath’s impact on students, staff and families. ... 1.3 Participants Participants in this survey are 200 students, 20 educators and 80 parents of students. The targeted age group for students is 10-15 years (grades 6 to 9). A 50/50 gender distribution between male and female students is preferred for better cohort comparison. Seeing that a wide performance gap exists between ethnicities, both minority and majority students will be approached to take this assessment to determine FitMath’s ability to close the vacuum and equalize achievements. Participants that will be excluded from this study are infrequent attendees that have missed more than a month of work for the year to date. This step has been taken to ensure that respondents have been receiving optimal training from the FitMath program. To protect the identities of assessment takers, surveys have been resubmitted anonymously to ensure that respondents are allowed freedom to express views unhindered, without fear or favor. 1.4 Qualitative study The qualitative component of the study seeks to acquire from respondents their views on school, FitMath, teachers and social development. Opinions gathered are confidential and will only serve to understand social, economical and educational backgrounds of participants. Questions seek to elicit from respondents their own estimation of their social and educational abilities and their perspectives in their core relationships, forming the support network. Data collected here would help boost the knowledge base on student lifestyles that ultimately affect study habits. 1.5 Quantitative study Statistics gleaned are confidential and will only serve to understand social, economical and educational backgrounds of participants. Personal

Annotated Bibliography of Air Pollution in Beijing

Of Air Pollution in Beijing - Annotated Bibliography Example With this kind of primary data, it was possible to solidly cement the research evidence and thus eloquently state out the findings of the research. With this data, it was possible to tell what the position of the city is from a first-hand point of view. This interview was aimed at establishing hard facts from residents about the observable effects of pollution within the city. The interviewee as born and brought up in the outskirts of Beijing. He has lived his entire life literally in the city having schooled and currently working there. From this interview, it is possible to line out some of the major effects of urbanization and thus pollution in the city. Life has been literally abuzz with changes for the residents and at times observing some things they never thought. These excerpts can be used by the researcher to solidify his arguments by bringing out the cries the victims. Sanderson, H. (February 28, 2013). Beijing Air Pollution Tops Hazardous Levels Days Before  Congress. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-28/beijing- air-pollution-tops-hazardous-levels-days-before-congress.html This is a report from a top business news website about the levels of pollution in China. The concentration of air pollutants have been compared to various prescribed levels giving the situation on the ground. Comments from various government based agencies like the environment institute have been reported also. The article focuses on a real time position the atmosphere at the city and the effects that it might have. This is mainly because it is a highly rated debate issue as the congress resumes. The current governments’ response to the issue like issuance of real time data has been highlighted. In accordance to this report, the severity of the case, to the government has been highlighted, this assists the researcher in getting the

Sensory perceptions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sensory perceptions - Essay Example I will give facts on aspects that lead a person to believe another one’s view on the world and also describe factors contributing to accuracy of this sensory data. Analysing and discussing human development as a child and the child’s outside nurturing influences and how this is continued through to adulthood plays a major role in sensory perceptions. My goal in this paper is to research influences and factors that all contribute to the development of the brain that is the key instrument in interpreting situations , circumstances and experiences in the world. Mental Illness, trauma, and consumption of substances. I will also describe three factors that would influence the accuracy of sensory data and they will come under the headings of childhood positive verbal communication, childhood environment, individual beliefs. My final paragraph will bring the titles together and discuss the roles of natural and nurtured abilities that contribute in interpreting and the world. There are certain mental illnesses that can distort ones view or interpretation of the world â€Å"they have hallucinations ( actually seeing or hearing things that don’t exist) Trauma is said to be the causes losing connections in early brain development which can cause mental illness and an inability to form an accurate view of the world in adulthood â€Å"the brain is compromised of many regions... within each of these brain areas are millions of neurons or nerve cells, which send messages to each other across synapses... Because the brain operates on the â€Å" use it† or â€Å"lose it â€Å" rule an â€Å"over pruning† of these connections can occur

Revising the thesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Revising the thesis - Essay Example Selecting the Best Type of International Collaboration 18 2.3.2. Disadvantages of International Collaboration 19 2.4 International Joint Ventures 20 2.5 International Business in Saudi Arabia 22 2.5.1 Forces Influencing the Attractiveness of Saudi Arabia for International Business 22 2.5.2 Incentives for international organisations to do business in Saudi Arabia 25 2.5.3. International Joint Ventures in Saudi Arabia 27 2.5.4 Examples of International Joint Ventures operating in Saudi Arabia 30 2.6 Conclusion 31 3. ... Employee Work Commitment 57 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Organisational Commitment 58 4.2.1 Theoretical Background of Organisational Commitment 58 4.2.2 Definitions of Organisational Commitment 60 4.2.3 Meyer and Allen’s Model of Organisational Commitment 61 4.2.3.1. Affective Commitment 61 4.2.3.2 Continuance Commitment 62 4.2.3.3 Normative Commitment 63 4.2.4 Effects of Organisational Commitment 64 4.3 Professional Commitment 66 4.3.1 Theoretical Background of Professional Commitment 66 4.3.2 Definitions of Professional Commitment 68 4.3.3 Effects of Professional Commitment 69 4.4 Theoretical Integration of the Concepts of National Culture and Employee Work Commitment 69 4.5 Conclusion 72 5. Conceptual Framework and Research Methodology 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Theoretical Framework and Research Hypotheses 73 5.3 Study Variables 81 5.3.1 National Culture 81 5.3.2 Collectivism / Individualism 82 5.3.3 Organisational Commitment 82 5.3.4 Professional Commitment 82 5.4 Operationali zing the Study Variables 83 5.5 Study Methodology 84 5.5.1 Alternative Research Options 84 5.5.2 Research Methods 86 5.5.3 Population and Sample 87 5.5.3.1 Population 87 5.5.3.2 Sample 88 5.5.3.3 Types of sampling 89 5.5.3.4 Sampling Frame 90 5.5.3.5 Sample size 90 5.5.3.6 Study sample 91 5.5.3.7 Selection criteria 91 5.5.4 Data Collection 92 5.5.4.1 Accessing respondents 93 5.5.4.2 Ethical considerations 94 5.5.5. Research Measures 94 5.5.5.1 Organisational commitment measure 94 5.5.5.2 Professional commitment measure 96 5.5.5.3 Research instrument 97 5.5.6 Data Analysis 97 5.5.6.1 Two-sample two test (t-tests) 99 5.5.6.2 Correlation analyses 100 5.5.6.3 Skewness and Kurtosis Test 101 5.5.7 Pilot

A letter to editor in wall street journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A letter to editor in wall street journal - Essay Example the problem of unemployment in the nation that attracted my attention, similarly as it might have done to the majority of sentient inhabitants of the US. The recent financial shock of 2008 was certainly quite destructive that led to multiple issues in the economic as well as in the political structure of our country. One such consequence, as the experts called attention to, was the very rising unemployment rate in the economy. According to the statistical data, unemployment rate has increased rapidly in the US since the early 2009 which currently accounts above 9% on an average. It is indeed one of the most serious drawbacks for a developed economy such as the US which require instantaneous concern of the government with the purpose of its revival. The declared economic plan by the President of the US also depicts similar concern, but in an extended demeanor taking into account both the economic and political aspects. The plan emphasizes on payroll tax cuts that would surely lessen the burden of employers and employees in the presently hostile business environment of the economy. It also includes extension in the investment grants for education and infrastructure sector. Attempts shall be made to boost the labor market through added concerns regarding programs for the jobless under the declared plan. On an aggregate, this planning shall cost $447 billion being enacted from 2012. Therefore, as a short-term recovery strategy, this plan shall certainly encourage the employers to hire more man power and thus make larger contribution to the overall GDP growth. Where economists in this context reveal the probable short-term benefits of the strategy, politicians have been noted to continue with their fair game of opposition with due regards to the components of the planning. The most noticeable questions augmented by the politicians in this context, whether a democrat or a republican, are related to the approval of the amount asked for the plan and its

Week 3-Terence Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Week 3-Terence - Coursework Example The main reason for these companies to adopt this technology is to have them make decisions that favor the entire global market. Having a globally distributed team comes with the challenge of mistrust among some team members. However, there are some factors that the management can rely on to create trust among these team players in different parts of the world (Allison, 2013). The first factor to be considered is having directed and reflected knowledge to be shared among the team members. Directed messages will always tell the exact information being conveyed. Due to this, members trust their fellows since there are no irrelevant stories to hide the reality. Having the information that the team share reflected in some reference point also boosts trust. Social communication is another factor that is helpful in building trust in team members who will never meet face-to-face. In this level of communication the workers will discuss informal factors such as how their holidays or weekend were spent. In the process of doing this they get to know each other more and the trust is created. For example, a worker based in America can chat with his fellow in Asia discussing the summer holidays. In the process, these workers will trust each other (Carmody, 2012). The ability of the team to combine resources despite the distance between them is also crucial for trust to exist. In this case, the team members at different points in the world they operate from get to coordinate themselves and share what the team needs to accomplish its goals. If they can do this then eventually the members will create trust among themselves (Chesebro, 2012). One of the new technologies that organizations are nowadays adopting to improve communication among their team members who are globally distributed is the groove virtual office. The technology relies on the ability of the Microsoft software that can connect many servers from different parts

Advantages and Disadvantages of Servant Leadership Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Servant Leadership - Essay Example   Another important advantage is the possibility of achieving high productivity and capacity among employees. Servant leadership tends to command respect, trust, and loyalty from employees. Therefore, organizations using servant leadership model are able to record more work output because employees feel as an important part of the organization. Indeed, employees who are nurtured to be leaders in different capacities develop a sense of ownership to the organization as opposed to an autocratic, dictatorial, or centralized form of leadership. Servant leadership cultivates high levels of involvement not only in daily operations of the organization but also in decision making. Whereas servant leadership seeks to attend to the needs of employees, the employees, in turn, feel empowered to attend to the needs of the customers and the organization in general. Furthermore, employees working under servant leadership are given the opportunity to make decisions, provide views and opinions, as w ell as air their concerns. This is a great advantage to the organizations as it can be able to tap into the wide variety of ideas from different employees. This is more important as opposed to the one sided ideas found on other centralized forms of leadership.On a different note, servant leadership can be likened to delegation of duties. Therefore, even in situations when a servant leader may be temporarily not in touch with the employees, the employees can actually act as leaders in their own individual capacities.   

TS Eliot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

TS Eliot - Essay Example Therefore, Eliot’s exertion on this particular poem has been considered commitment to religious poetic sensibility and spiritual consciousness. In the venerated poem, Eliot has emphasized on the significance of Magi’s journey to find baby Jesus, who is deemed to be Messiah. Thus, Magi’s spiritual quest; aimed to find a way for the emancipation of the world from materialism, has been depicted as uncertain. This uncertainty has been suggested as a core ingredient of conscious spiritism. Hence, Eliot has emphasized on the difficulties and persistent struggle a part of spiritual awakening, a way to attain spiritual identity (Eliot, 1953). Although, Eliot has been considered as an assorted leader of postmodern realism, but in this diverse piece; he has adapted a thought- evoking style and a vision of a spiritualist, who describes the impediments and bottleneck of the journey of redemption and inside gratification. His elusive style and bohemian repute called for sever e criticism on his Anglo-Catholic work. Thus, his former work earned him a repute of a non-believer of religion and their fundamental practices, and eventually a palpable critique of beliefs (Strandberg, 2002). In the journey of Magi, Eliot contemplated with the idea of human change, in terms of journey from physical being to spiritual beings, which was vague in the western world of 1920s. Thus, he depicted the struggle for divinity in the form of divine journey of accomplishment. In the age of secularism, Eliot identified the extinction and decline of spiritual survival. Therefore, he narrated his dogma through the eloquence of the quest for Messiah (Jesus). He regarded the need of a man to incline from the degeneration of modernism, which induced elopement of belief in man. Hence, through this belief which was found in the form of religious insight or realization; man was in a great need to revitalize spiritual consciousness. Moreover, pain and suffering which have been significan t parts of spiritual journey are disregarded by Eliot by the end of the poem due to uncertainty. Consequently, Eliot always felt that the religious beliefs were vanishing. Yet, he aimed to restore them in a narrative, which was not completely consistent on religious aspirations, but showed the uncertainty of human belief even in the presence of miracle. As change requires discarding of old beliefs and practices, hence, birth of Jesus and death of old beliefs and practices were depicted as infinite. However, the narrator describes his journey as excruciating and is in a consistent state of grief. Previously Eliot has depicted unworthiness towards the most prestigious earthly things in The Waste Land. Therefore, his famous unimpressive and un-charmed attitude towards charismatic ideology of modernism and skeptical view on the condition of modern man; was a first step towards the journey of spiritual identification (Eliot, 1990). Furthermore, he has also exemplified, how man and his li fe in society has been completely dominated by chaos. Eliot reflected the trauma stricken and despaired man due to the horrification of World War I, but along with it he also emphasized on man’s despair in not fulfilling the needs of his spiritual being. Spiritual being was marred due to the loss of faith and increased sterility of spiritual consciousness. In 1920’s the world turned around against religious fundamentalism of Victorianism and displayed eccentric manners in terms of vulgarity and expressiveness. Therefore, Western civilization collapsed

Final Reflection Essay Example for Free

Final Reflection Essay 1. Upon embarking on writing about my Autobiography/Self-Discovery piece, I did not really expect it to become an enlightening journey of introspection. For me, it was a typical school day and I was just about to do a requirement. The incident I cited in my writing piece happened way before and yet I never forgot its profound impact on my life. It had me acquainted with an aspect of my true self that is, that I could also be a better and more appreciative person, and come to think of it, that anybody is capable of improving himself/herself so long as the desire to change is present. The Significant Event Essay which I wrote and submitted reveals only an aspect of my personality since the short anecdote plucked from my life story merely focused on my realizations on the values of compassion and appreciation. A person’s life has a lot of aspects and an essay or even a book would not be enough to capture everything about a man’s life. 2. My purpose in writing my essay was for others to appreciate the blessings they had because not everyone is as fortunate as his fellowman. It is intended for a general audience and is meant to be helpful to anyone who has not realized the value of blessings in his/her life. The essay is presented in the form of a short anecdote where there is an introduction, a building up of the story, a climax and a conclusion. As a writer, I learned that I had to present my story in a way that it is structured and systematic so that only the incidents related to the story were included and other details were left out. In this manner, focus was maintained and the main storyline was given more significance. I also made use of an outline so that I would not deviate from my projected direction, hence, the results of which are reflected in my essay. A profile is supposed to capture and present to the reader a glimpse on the life of a personality. The problem however, is that sometimes, the profile of a person that is presented is a skewed version, and that is where write-ups such as these are often questioned. More often than not, the more dramatic, exciting and odd aspects of an individual’s personality are those which are glamorized and sensationalized because these are the stories which usually sell. It is what piques the interest of the readers, hence, these are the materials which are highlighted, and the less dramatic and boring topics are relegated to the background or worse, not even mentioned. With regards to my own profile, I encountered the same problem because I found that it is not really possible to compress into one essay that which has taken so many years to achieve. Hence, theoretically, it is not really possible to create a â€Å"complete† profile because eventually, some details will ultimately be left out. 2. The omissions in a profile for general readership consumption connote that readers engage in reading more to be entertained than informed. A complete profile would mean that all aspects in a personality’s life will be included with all the boring stuff attached to it. Of course, this will not be allowed by the editors of magazines where the profiles will be published because this â€Å"boring stuff† can be done without and the excess writing space could be allocated for more ad space which can be sold to earn more income. Even if a writer wants to present the profile of a subject in a complete manner with everything included, it is not the writer who determines what becomes published because it is the reader who will choose. This is a lamentable fact, and yet what is in practice since the mass media operates on these guiding principles, however distorted the stories may be. Answers to Chapter 4 Questions: 1. I particularly believe that most if not all of the academic materials which present their concepts as uncontested truths do so because they are already based on widely-known and acknowledge facts and ideas. Basically, the whole chapter on Explaining a Concept is one such typical example because as of now, the ideas presented here are what are considered as true and accurate – for the moment. As new discoveries will be unearthed, new theories and concepts will correspondingly emerge and the present truths we have now will most likely be replaced later eventually. 2. Knowledge is established by way of a meeting of minds. Usually, the prominent academicians, researchers and professors in specific disciplines conduct meetings to agree/disagree on the concepts that are still considered up-to-date or obsolete. Once decided upon, obsolete ideas noted but not totally discarded. In some books, it is noticeable that references to such ideas are still mentioned but the reason for shelving the idea is always given. 3. The essay I did was about the practice of contraception. The idea that I pursued has long been established and accepted in society. It could be said that there are some sectors that still uphold religious beliefs over these medical practices which seem to challenge such beliefs. Yes, at some point, I felt that the ideas I am presenting may be questioned by my readers, but then, I had references to point to for the more technical stuff and I was confident with my own knowledge about the subject. I decided on doing a topic that would be helpful, practical and interesting and had more contemporary novelty, hence the subject of contraception. In writing my paper, I was not really comfortable in being a giver of knowledge at first but later on, I warmed up to the idea because I would be sharing some things that my peers may not really know about.

UK Fashion Industry: Strategic Analysis

UK Fashion Industry: Strategic Analysis Introduction Fashion industry is one of the most thriving and profitable industries of the world. The advent of globalization has led to greater penetration of fashion into the mind of individuals. Mega fashion shows are being held in many nations across the world which has generated considerable interest among the individuals. The present study deals with the fashion industry of UK. The choice of the nation assumes significance as it is one of the largest fashion hubs of the world. The nation also houses some of the most popular brands in the fashion industry. A study conducted by research firm Grail puts UK as among the top hubs in the global fashion industry along with USA, France, Italy and Japan. London Fashion Week which happens to be the largest fashion related event in the nation is the only fashion event that promotes works done by students thus highlighting its commitment and presence in the global fashion industry. Prestigious awards like River Island Gold Award have their origins in U K (Grail Research, 2009, p.6, 8). The present study would focus on the industry analysis of the fashion industry particularly that of the UK market. The report would include an industry analysis along with the analysis of the competitive framework prevailing in the UK market. Subsequently the key success factors and strategic groups would be analyzed in the report. The report would also feature examples of the strategies that have been adopted by the market leaders to continue their sustainability in the industry. Industry Analysis Global Fashion Industry- An Overview Fashion industry includes fashion designer houses, retail chains and the firms engaged in the manufacture of apparels. A report published by Levis Strauss Co has pegged the value of the global fashion industry at US $ 1334.1 billion as on 2008. The report also predicts a northward trend for this figure in the subsequent years. Apart from being a style statement, fashion also generates creativity, well being and identity. The report also states certain shortcomings of this industry which primarily includes aspects like poor working condition of workers in the industry, wastage of resources and also encouragement of unrealistic consumption. Certain other shortcomings include unavailability and high prices of raw materials which also emerge as a major challenge for the firms engaged in manufacture of fashion apparels across the world. Numerous opportunities also exist for the industry from the emerging markets like India, China, Brazil and Russia which have started emerging as fashion hotspots of the world (Levis Strauss Co, 2010, p.5). Overview of the UK Fashion Industry UK has been among the pioneers in the global fashion industry whose association with the world of fashion dates back to the 1960s popularly known as the swinging sixties, the punk and romantic 1970s and Cool Britannia Image of 1990s. Present age fashion designer label brands like Vivienne Westwood, Burberry and Mulbery, to name a few, are some of the numerous brand names housed in the nation (British Council Fashion Oxford Economics, 2008, p.9). A recent trend observed in the industry is that the nation is shifting from home based manufacturing units to sourcing products from foreign retailers. This has been attributed to the aspects of high labour costs coupled with the rise in prices of raw materials which has forced manufacturers to outsource their production units to nations like China which offer a significant pool of talented resources and raw materials at cheaper rates (British Council Fashion Oxford Economics, 2008, p.16). UK is one of the pioneers in the fashion industry, and the nation is accredited with numerous innovations in the industry segment. A research study conducted on the fashion industry in UK states that consumer spending on fashion apparels in UK saw a growth rate of 6.5 percent in 2009 with sales figures reaching 2.5 billion Pound. One of the major market players in the UK market Newberry reported 19.1 percent growth on an annual basis. The growth of fashion industry has been fuelled by large levels of spending by the local people. Over the last ten years spending levels of individuals have grown by approximately six percent on a real term basis. The fashion industry also has made significant contributions to the economy of the nation. In the year 2009, the industry is said to have contributed approximately 20.9 billion pounds towards the economy of UK which forms about 1.7 percent of the total GDP figure of the nation. Retailer GVA alone has contributed approximately 6.5 billion pound s towards the economy of UK. Indirect contributions to the economy include providing employment options to about 816,000 individuals in a direct or an indirect manner. This figure represents about 2.7 percent of the total workforce in the nation which highlights the growth and importance of this sector towards the economy of the nation. On a standalone basis i.e., excluding the employees at the retail stores, the sector employed about 155,000 individuals or about 0.5 percent of the total workforce based in the nation. The fashion industry is also one of the major contributors to the nations exchequer with contribution figures ranging about 13.2 billion pounds which stands at 2.6 percent on absolute percentage terms. These contributions have mainly come from VAT and through the income tax paid by the employees engaged in this industry (British Council Fashion Oxford Economics, 2008, p.14). The magnanimity of the fashion industry can be adjudged from the fact that the contribution of fashion industry towards the GDP of the nation is significantly higher than chemical and publishing industry. Fashion industry is the fourth largest employment provider in UK and comes only next to travel and tourism, telecommunications and real estate (British Council Fashion Oxford Economics, 2008, p.20). This implies the huge potential of the fashion industry in UK. The following chapter would provide an analysis of the competitive framework prevalent in the UK market. Porters Five Forces Model Competitive framework for any industry can be analysed by using Michael Porters five forces framework. The analysis of a market using the framework proposed by Porter helps an organization to analyse the market potential of other players in the market. This helps in generating sustainable competitive advantage for the firms. According to this framework, the competitive framework can be analysed by using five factors namely, Bargaining Power of Suppliers Bargaining power of Consumers Competition from existing players Threat of new entrants Threat of substitutes (Haag, 2007, p.72) Bargaining Power of Suppliers Suppliers have a high barraging power when the raw materials are available in scarce quantities. It also rises when the number of suppliers for a particular product or raw material is quite limited. In case of fashion industry, suppliers constitute of vendors who provide raw material like cotton and other textiles which serve as raw material for apparels. The UK fashion market is characterised by the presence of a few suppliers which is generally due to high costs of raw materials. The suppliers also use traditional practices which again increases the cost of goods sold (Karra, 2008, p.27). High cost of real estate also serves as a major source of concern to the fashion retailers. This analysis implies that suppliers have a fairly high bargaining power. Market leaders in UK have started outsourcing their manufacturing departments to vendors based in nations like China and India where cheap raw material is present at affordable cost of labour (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2004, p.2). Bargaining Power of Consumers Bargaining power of consumers arise when the market is characterised by the presence of numerous players who have a large product line. Presence of large number of competitors puts consumers in the drivers seat as they have numerous options. The present status of the consumer market in UK reveals the presence of large number players. Most of these players have high brand values products to suit every type of customers. This provides ample choices for the consumers. Hence it can be concluded that consumers have a high bargaining power in the UK market. Major players in the market like Marks and Spencer, Austin Reed have started providing value added services to consumers to woo them to their stores. Celebrity promotions have also been used to target consumers like Lane Crawford roping in supermodel Maggie Cheung for its promotions. Competition from Existing Players UK is characterised by the presence of large number of global players like Marks and Spencers, Next, Arcadia, Matalan and Bhs all of which have formidable brand image and an impressive product line to target consumers. Competition exists in almost every segment of the target market. This implies that competition from existing players has a significantly high impact on the fashion industry in UK. Market leaders have formulated policies that tend to win the consumers in favour of their brands. Fierce competition has prompted leading market players to vouch for newer locations like for example Marks and Spencers eyeing the Indian market. Threat of New Entrants New entrants do not pose sufficient threats to the existing players. This is mainly due to the fact that the present market in UK is completely saturated with big brands like Marks and Spencers, Next etc. Moreover, high cost of establishing a business deters new players from entering the UK market. This implies that new players do not have significant power to challenge the existing players. Threat of Substitutes Substitutes are those products which have attributes that are highly similar to the original products. The customer segments of firms like Marks and Spencers are highly niche in nature and are unlikely to switch to substitutes which basically constitute low priced products. Hence it can be concluded that substitutes do not present significant threats to the existing players present in the market. Key Success Factors The key success factors for the fashion industry are stated below: Government support Customer Awareness Ability to bring in continuous innovations Government Support Government support is a key element in the success of the fashion industry. Pro active policies by the government favour the emergence of new players as well as boost up the existing players by creating market conditions that tend to provide greater value to the customers. Creation of competition would automatically generate innovations which is the backbone of the fashion industry. Customer Awareness The success of fashion industry depends on high levels of consumer awareness. Consumer awareness implies that consumers get regular updates about the new products that are being innovated by the fashion industry. Events like London Fashion week, Paris fashion week and other such festivals have emerged as a platform for fashion designers and retailers to showcase their products and creativity. These festivals are characterised by presence of high profile celebrities who endorse products of different designers and fashion labels. In these events, awards and accreditations are given to talented individuals who generate creativity in their designs (London Fashion Week, n.d.). This also serves to motivate individuals to produce greater creativity. Ability to bring in Continuous Innovations Innovations are the key to success in the fashion industry. The basic tenets of this industry are based in continuous innovations. Firms like Hilfiger have created competitive advantage by introducing continuous innovations in their product line (Manlow, 2009, p.242). Innovations in fashion include amalgamations of modern and traditional fashion. Mega events like Paris fashion week and London fashion week serve as major forums where market players can showcase their products to the target audience. Firms are also roping in celebrities and supermodels to promote their designs. These innovations and subsequent endorsements by popular celebrities generate substantial interest among the target audience with regards to the diffusion of innovation among the general masses. Broad appeal and glamour of these events generate enthusiasm among the target markets with regards to adopting new products. The analysis of key success factors reveals the importance of factors like government, awareness among the target market audience. The aspect of innovation also generates sufficient interest among the firms to innovate their products. The UK market represents numerous potential for the market players as all the three key success factors can be achieved by organizations. A suitable mix of the three key success factors would help in generating sustainable competitive advantage for the firms in the highly competitive market. Strategic Groups Strategic groups are defined as a group of firms and organizations which operate within a specific industry who have similar strategies. It has been observed that in most of the cases the difference among the different market players is generally captured by the presence of strategic groups within the industry (Kim Mauborgne, 1999, p.86). The fashion industry in UK is characterised by market players like Marks and Spencers, Next, Arcadia, Matalan and Bhs who are global market players having operation in all major markets across the world. All these firms have the same target market and have a similar marketing mix for their products. The basis of forming a strategic group is based on the fact that all the above stated market players operate in a similar macroeconomic set up and have a similar target market. These firms intend to have similar positioning strategies. The presence of a strategic group also creates entry barriers for new entrants as well as generates sustainable competi tive advantage for these firms in the market. Presence of strategic groups tends to stabilise consumer preferences, it also generates greater competition and rivalries among the market players, as all the players in the strategic group are known to target the same customer segment. This leads to aggressive marketing by the firms to beat their rivals in the business markets. The scenario in UK market resembles a similar situation with firms trying to use every possible strategy to beat their rivals and capture the market (Hoskinsson, Hitt Ireland, 2008, p.87-88). Conclusion The concept of fashion has been prevalent in UK since time immemorial and the nation has been among the pioneers with regards to creativity in this sector. The study reveals that fashion industry is one of the most happening industries in UK. This can be gauged from its contributions towards the economy of the nation both in direct as well as in indirect terms. The UK market also represents tremendous opportunities for market players as it has a large customer base with high levels of disposable income which makes it an attractive destination for fashion brands across the world. The study also shows certain challenges which mainly arise due high cost of raw materials and labour. Presence of strategic group also tends to increase the competitive rivalry among the market players. In spite of this, the huge potential of the target market serves as an incentive for most of the market players to eye the lucrative market of UK. Hence, it can be concluded that success of an organisation pre cisely that of fashion, lies in its ability to generate continuous innovation and to mould the advantages of the market to generate sustainable competitive advantage.

Importance Of Acoustic Treatment Music Essay

Importance Of Acoustic Treatment Music Essay Sharp tools make good work. Chinese Proverb online To have a nice recording, we must choose a nice recording studio. To have a nice recording studio, acoustic treatment is the most important progress while building the studio. Why is acoustic treatment so important? Acoustic treatment will make the actual recorded sound better, it is just as important as the mixing process. The purpose of acoustic treatment is to improve the quality of sound in the room. Acoustics Treatment of the studio is very important than the used of the equipments for record the track on. Yet there are still many people who only allocate a small portion of their budget to acoustic treatments when building a recording studio or home studio. It is very important to choose the right type of room and after that we have to testing the acoustic in that room, make sure that everything like the soundproofing of the studio is good. Let say, we can listen to the tracks that recorded in the studio, if we can hear somethin g like reverb or echo on the track, or the sound is rather flat, this might mean that the acoustic of the studio were wrong. Insufficient insulation can result in the interference of external noises. People always think they can or able to overcome acoustics with equipments but you just cant. Russ Berger (Sound On Sound Article 2005 [online]), the president of acoustic and audiovisual consultancy firm, Russ Berger Design, told Carolin Heinz in an article for the website Electronic Musician. Beside that, there is another common mistake that people always make, according to Berger, is to confuse sound isolation with the acoustic performance in a room. Sound isolation is simply the process of stopping sound entering or leaving the room. It has no bearing on how sound is absorbed and diffused in the room itself, which are the key determinants of how a recorded track sounds when listened to. Every studio building needs to be acoustically treated as standard professional music or audio studio requirement for professional sound quality. So when building a recording studio, we have to pay much attention to this, this will avoid frustrations in the future. (B) Treatment Characteristics Acoustic Treatment is so important to the studio it is because we want to prevent standing waves in the room. When the standing wave occurs, it will affect the frequency response of the listening rooms and the recording studio. Beside that, by using the right acoustic treatment, we can absorb or diffuse the sound in the room to avoid the flutter echoes and improve the stereo imaging while the recording and keep the sound from leaking into or out from the room. Correct use of acoustic treatment could lower the reverb time in larger space or room or reduce modal ringing in the small room. Thus modelling the acoustics to cater for our needs. There are few problems that we have to consider while building a studio such as absorption, diffusion, reverberation and isolation. Sound absorption can be defined as when sound that strikes the materials doesnt reflect back. An open window is a very good example for poor absorption because the sound waves goes through the open window and never reflected back. The more fibrous materials have more absorption; oppositely the denser materials are less absorption. By using the absorption materials in the studio, it can minimize the reflections while the recording going and it can also prevent the standing waves and flutter echoes. With this control over acoustics, one can model a space to be optimum for a certain purpose. The LEDE (Live End Dead End) concept illustrates this. By using acoustic treatment we can deaden one half of the room whilst keeping the other half reflective. Absorption can become very useful when tuned to a specific frequency. In general, low frequencies are very difficult to absorb because of their long wavelength, on the contrary, high frequencies are easily absorbed by less complicated structures, The reduction of high frequencies in a critical musical environment is essential for the reduction of flutter echoes. Products like bass traps are absorbing devices specifically designed to absorb the low frequency energy. The good bass trap is the combination of the hard, soft, thin materials. By the way, the back of the trap and the gap between the walls can make it even more effective. Reverberation time will be affected by the absorption. The lower the reverberation time, it is mean there is more absorption. By adding the porous absorber is the easiest way to make the good absorption. Beside that, placing the acoustical foam on those reflective surfaces until the reverberation time is suitably reduced. On the other hand, by removing the absorbing materials will lengthens the reverberation time. Diffusor can be used to reduce reverb or echoes that will be occur in a room that has parallel walls and the flat ceiling. Through the research and books that I have read, all the professional studio designers they agree that periodic reflections caused by parallel walls are best avoided. So, diffusion is always used into absorption to tame these kinds of reflections because diffusion is handful of sound energy using multi-faceted surfaces. Diffusers are commonly made of wood, plastic, or even polystyrene. Jorge Castro (2004, online) explains: diffusion helps in energy control and improves the sound quality in frequencies throughout the middle and high range of the spectrum, and also improves sweet-spot should be sitting to get the best stereo image (imagine that your head and the two speakers form an equilateral triangle). Insulation is the process of blocking sound from leaking out from the room and is also to soundproof the room from external vibrations or sound. The good noise controls room can retain the sound within the listening area. Isolation is a very critical question, but the most important is still about the room treatment. Even you will feel something going wrong while you are in the quiet room if its acoustic treatments are wrong. And what can you do for the isolation if your studio is going to build nearby the highway, or beside the train track? Only two things can be done to insulate a space: increasing mass or separation. We will see how we address by the use of correct materials. (C) Studio Design Now that we have looked at what problems might occur in a room and how to address them, we shall see how they apply to a professional studio. Room mode or natural resonant frequency, which is related to the length, width and height of the room, is one of the most important properties in the studio design and it determines its natural resonances. (Ethan Winer, 2008[online]) Let say the rectangular room has 3 sets of primary modes, which are length, width and height. So, if you have got a irregular room shape or irregular angled walls, then you have to average the dimensions and get the rough idea of the mode frequency. As a rule of thumb one could say: the larger the rooms the better the acoustics. This is one of the examples of the recording studios design, materials of used and its construction details. (i) Studio Layout (Siavash Irani, pers. Comm., 11 December 2010) (ii) Construction Details Dry Walls is a Simple single stud design sufficient for wall because the dry walls are doubled, one on the existing outer wall and one as inner wall. We make the double walls to minimize structural linking. Studs spacing is 24, on center instead of the usual 16 spacing, this yields a slight increase in TL (transmission lost). The walls are angled but room shape symmetrical to provide even dispersion and prevent flutter echo. Diameter approx 5 to 6. Total estimated wall area: Total wall perimeter x Average Ceiling height 239.5 ft * 12.125 ft = 2903.9 2903.9 * 2 = 5807.9sq ft. (http://www.ethanwiner.com/BTPlans.gif) (http://www.ethanwiner.com/BTParts.html) Ceiling angled upwards at 12 degrees from the front to the middle of both rooms and then backs down at 12-degrees.10 ft (3.05m) min height for optimal drum sound recording. The diameter approx 10. Total estimated ceiling area: 289 + 305.15 + 238 + 295.87 = 1128.02 sq ft. Diameter of floor is approx 10 Total estimated floor area: 280.7 + 296 + 231 + 287 = 1094.7 sq ft. Acoustic Timber Door ¼Ã…’STC 30-35 each leaf. It has a same construction as walls using timber and narrower studs. The dense yet lightweight mineral fiber for more STC and it including gaskets to seal sound, hinges, knobs Total: 6 doors with dimensions of approx 6.5 x 2.7 x 3 Acoustic Window Double Glazed The space between glass panels sealed. Use two different thicknesses of glass to prevent resonant frequencies and sealed enclosure up to STC 47. The distance between the paresis about 150mm. Total: 2 double-glazed acoustic windows with 6 x 2.5 panes The use of sound lock can reduce -3 dB. As sound insulation by air volume and air sealed by door gaskets. Air-conditioner Duct Damping About the noise-reducing enclosure of air-conditioning by using plywood baffle and installed into the opening of the air-con duct with simple plywood baffle held together with strong and moisture resistant adhesive. The plywood maze slows down the airflow or the air-con, thus reducing noise. The absorbent foam lined/covered on plywood baffle to absorb airflow noise as well as noise from generator. Its 4 ft in length. Example Example of a self-made duct baffle (D) Materials With good and correct materials in building a studio, it can help you to record and mix your music correctly. A good room, good acoustics can defined as we can get the sound from the speakers in the room and listen through your ears as unchanged as possible. (Ethan Winer, 2008 [online]) A good studio should have a very good isolation but still as neutral as possible for you to hear the details such as stereo positioning properly. So, the music we have mixed and equalized can sound good and has the good opportunity of sounding good in other rooms as well. Controlling the sound in a room is achieved by selective acoustic treatments. Materials are the source out for the best acoustic characteristics in terms of isolation and diffusion, but since there are many ways and different materials to do this, we try not to go overboard with specialized materials as they can break the budget. Instead to use effective construction methods with typical materials, and whatever that works fine as well as cost-effectiveness. (i) Acoustic Foam The most important aspect of any studio or home theater probably is the using of acoustic foam. Even the listening room, it can also make or break a project studio. It doesnt matter how much money you will spend on the recording and monitoring equipments. If the room itself doesnt has a good acoustic treatment, the result of the recording will never as good as it could be. When the sound is traveling in the room it will reflect from different surfaces. So, this is meaning the acoustic problem will be occurring. These can be the reflections, flutter echo, reverberation, standing waves and modal problems. When all of these frequencies started bouncing around, the sound waves can change because they are clashing into each other. This will absolutely affects the last result for the negative. That is meaning you will start to off with one sound and end up with another sound while in the recordings. When there are two parallel walls, or two parallel ceiling and the floor, it will create standing wave. So the distance between the walls, ceiling or the floor will reinforce some of the frequencies. This mean the sound will makes exactly one round trip in each cycle of the speaker and the pressure fronts pile up. So, this is why people like to sing in the bathroom while taking the shower because the low frequency of the voice are greatly amplified by the standing waves and it will sounds nice. The installing of the acoustic foam can improved the response of the room and the sound of the room can be under control. The use of the acoustic treatment is the only way that can tell you the accurate while you are doing your recording, mixing, editing, or monitoring as well as not to affected by the room you are in. Whatever you want your room to stay live or dead, good acoustic treatment is the only way to help you to tame the beast that in your room and keep everything under the control. So, you have the ability to record and monitor your stuff accurately. Product like The ProCornerà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ is an effective way to increase low frequency absorption (minimizing low frequency room modes and speaker boundary interference distortion) by increasing acoustical foam thickness in the corner, while visually extending and seamlessly integrating with the Profoamà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ wall design. RPG ® Diffuser Systems Studio in a Box Diffuser and Absorber: FIGURE 1: Diffusor System Additional panels may be layered to any thickness offering unlimited absorption. The using of ProFoam because its absorption and diffusion properties are sufficient for the studios surface, as its stackable, and for a uniformed look. (ii) Gypsum Board FIGURE 2: Gypsum board (http://www.bombayharbor.com/productImage/0578747001219286428/Gypsum_Board.jpg) Gypsum board is a typical material used for layering walls, holding insulation fibers, providing a certain amount of damping and as wall surface. It is also used for floors, doors and ceilings treatment. (iii) Plywood FIGURE 3: Plywood (http://www.stockporttimber.co.uk/st_cms/data/upimages/Plywood.jpg) Plywood to separate gypsum and studs and adhere with soundproofing mat. Chip wood (recording room floor) is an ordinary chip wood for flooring. It is act like a diffusor. (iv) Sound Blocker Membrane FIGURE 4: Sound Blocker Membrane (http://www.soundservice.co.uk/images/PRODUCTS_gallery/ACOUSTIC_MEMBRANE/1.jpg) Sound Blocker Membrane have excellent sound insulating qualities and it can be used as a sole sound barrier layer, or as part of a multilayer composite with other materials such as sound absorbing foam and carpet. It acts, as a thin, dense sound barrier layer in walls, ceilings or floors and its most effective when used as one component of a multi-layered construction scheme. It extremely effective at improving the sound and insulation properties of lightweight plasterboard partitions, floors and almost anything else. (v) Mineral Woll FIGURE 5: Mineral Woll (http://www.domesticsoundproofing.co.uk/soundproofing/amw_slabs1.jpg) Acoustic mineral woll is use for the reduction of airborne noise between flooring joist, suspended ceiling and in partition walls, it is a good sound absorbing infill. By using the acoustic mineral woll, it will has more efficient for the purpose of soundproofing than a lightweight thermal insulation, chemically and mom-flammable insert. By the way, this will not adversely affected by any substance. Beside that, it will not react with metal wall ties and wired plastic, masonry or brickwork. While using in a standard stud wall, it can increase the sound insulation performance by up to 150%. It normally will provide a reduction in the reverberant noise level up to 200% when fitted under the roof constructions. It will provides a reduction in air bone noise levels by up to 100% when it fitted in-between the ceiling or the floor joists. (vi) Resilient Bar FIGURE 6: Resilient Bar  ¼Ã‹â€ http://www.soundservice.co.uk/images/clip_image001.gif ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° Resilient Bar is a thin metal channel, which is designed to substantially improve the sound insulation of the plasterboard ceilings and walls. It can easily isolate the plasterboard from the studworks, and it will contact directly to dissipate sound, which is normally being transfer through the frame. Because of the improvements in both impact and the airbone noise, so the sound will normally act well in excess of 300%. (vii) Gasket FIGURE 7: Gasket (http://www.customaudiodesigns.co.uk/seals/neoprene2.jpg) Gaskets/ Cushioning, self-adhesive EPDM / Neoprene blend expanded foam rubber sealing strip. This is ideal for exposed sealing, damping and cushioning. It age resistant and chemically neutral against the most commonly used lacquers and Plastics and resistant to most caustic chemicals, resistant against ozone, moisture and UV radiation. This is good for isolating and decoupling battens attached to walls and ceilings. (viii) Acoustic Caulk FIGURE 8: Acoustic Caulk (http://i.ehow.com/images/a06/0o/uo/acoustical-caulk_-800X800.jpg) Acoustic Caulk is use to maintain the STC (Sound Transmission Class) value of the system such as metal studs, gypsum board, wood, concrete and other types of building substrates. Because of its unique formulation such as non-hardening, non-migrating and non-drying, so it can apply to the joints, ceiling runners either metal and wood, cutout in gypsum board and other area where the sound rated assembly is required. By the way, it can also be applied on the heating and the air conditioning ducts or other utility equipment penetrating wall surfaces in order to increase the acoustical performance. E) Comparison between recording studio and home studio We can notice that why professional recording studio they spent so much time and money in order to get a good acoustics design but why there is still a lot of people they dont take this seriously and record in their house without doing any acoustic treatment? For an example, various devices are invented like microphone a transducer that changes one form of energy into another corresponding form of energy (David and Robert, 2005) to enhance the professionalism and the quality of recorded music, also a lot of techniques are established around that time as well, such as automatic double-tracking technique are invented by the Beatles which is the process where we copy a signal and make it sound like the singer or band member overdubbed the exact same thing over the original track (Audio Production Tips [online]). On the other hand, MIDI (Musical Instrument Interface), there is countless plug-ins, synthesizers, samples and loops available in the market, and all these elements have become the major elements of music production and major arrangement of popular music nowadays. So with this kind new popular culture, many people can produce their music or track in their house just only using their computer. Another example such as disk jockey, they have an expensive DJs sets so they gain more flexibility of their creating and producing music with only a laptop computer as such a convenience rise of a fact, they can make satisfaction, high quality music in a more efficient and cost-effective way by using samples, plug-ins, they can perform unlimited variation of sound, instrument, techniques that without any acoustic treatment needed. All of them are the invention of for the music production. But is it possible if a rap artist or vocalist they want to record a good quality track without any good environment? Let say if the rap artist or vocalist they record their song in their house by using a very expensive microphone and gear but without any acoustic treatment, in the result of the recording will be too much room noise on the track such as the ceiling fan in your room, outside traffic and etc, all of these will produce the low frequency rumble. So it will take you a lot of time and it is very hard for you to do the mixing. Equipment is useless if sound is recorded badly. This is why professional recording studio they will spend so much money on the acoustic treatment. Beside to give you the good environment to recording your music and track, and it also because you can get the good quality on your final production. But sometimes money will be a matter of fact it always comes to the first priority problem, investing less money on a home-base production but achieve quality results, you can also do it with cheaper acoustic treatment as well. Normally, the acoustic problems of home studio are reflections of high frequencies and mid-range from the hard surfaces. Second, peaks and troughs in the rooms low-end response caused by the rooms dimensions and the reflectivity of the walls at low frequencies. Both compromise the accuracy of what you believe you are hearing from your monitor speakers, and each has to be dealt with in different ways. (Paul White, Feb 2006 [online]) So, you can DIY your own acoustic treatment to avoid these problems. Absorption and Diffusion are always had to consider into the progress when DIY your own home studio. For the example, if you dont have enough money to afford the acoustic foam, you can use the existing furniture that you have got in your house like carpet, soft furnishing, curtains can as the sound absorbing materials. In the small room, triangle pieces of foams are designed to go in corners, this can reducing the room resonances. But is there is too much of absorbing materials in the small room, it will give you a very dead sound. By the way, for the sound diffusing materials, bookshelves can does this job if it does not places in the large block, so it can act as diffusor to break up the reflections. You can also use LEDE (Live End Dead End) for the home recording space when you placing your speaker in the dead end. Beside, you can use the same room to monitoring your mix after the recording. Every room is different, so it is important to listen to the result by using acoustic treatment. For the example, the dead end always can be tackled first, foam and bass trap are suggested to use if necessary. you can test if there any flutter echoes in the high frequencies with handclap. If you hear the boommie sound when you are talking, that is mean you need more absorbing materials. (F) Conclusion Overall, are acoustics really that important in recording music today? Even though the quality of the instruments, speakers, recording gear and amps are expensive, but without the good acoustic treatments, all the recording will be bad and it will take you even more time to get your track done. That is why we still need to pay a lot of attention to the space in which we use them. The acoustic treatment of recording studio is very tricky because of the construction materials used and the size of the studio. No matter how, acoustics are really important but the way we produce music has changed. The room is less important as an important of the production is now done digitally. But, there is still some recording like vocal recording you have to done in the environment with good acoustic treatment unless you prefer the low quality of recording. Acoustical treatment is not something that you can put your hands on and work with, such as a reverb unit. It is, however, the single most important aspect of any room bar none! Scott Wilson, Part-Time Musician

Eating Disorder Essay - Bulimarexia Changed My Life -- Personal Narrat

Bulimarexia Changed My Life It was a frigid day in September 2003, and I was on my way into school. This was the first day of school, in my Senior year. Everyone said it is suppose to be the best year of your high school career. However, it wasn't that way for me. I walked into school on that day, and I felt as if I had some terrible disease. People were avoiding me, ignoring me, and this had never happened before. I was always Miss Popularity all throughout school and I constantly had someone around me. Therefore, getting the cold shoulder was new to me. Day after day I would come to school feeling left out and alone. I had no idea what was happening to all my friends. Until one day I overheard some people talking about me. I was so hurt to hear the things being said, because it was far from the truth. These lies and rumors went on until November, when Homecoming was over. Every week there was a new rumor, a new lie, a new way to hurt me. One week I was a lesbian, the next week I dated every guy in school, any lie that anyone would believe. At first, I let it go in one ear and out the other. Even though it hurt, I didn't want anyone to know it bothered me. However, holding it inside was even worse. At this point I felt like I had no one to lean on, and nowhere to escape from this nightmare. I tried everything to make myself wake up and realize this was all a terrible dream. However, I never woke up and the horror continued. During this time my parents were having troubles as well. Hence, I felt like everything was coming down around me and I had no idea how to stop it. Finally, after about a month, I could not hold my feelings in any longer. I ended up falling into the horrible disease called bulimarexia. Bulimarexia is ... ...veryone is different and nothing is wrong with that. However, there is something wrong with a world made of the same mold. If God would have done that, do you know how boring this world would be? We would all know everything about one another, there would be nothing new to learn. Everyone is different for a reason and if someone can't accept that, then they are not worth your time or energy. To be yourself is a wonderful thing, and I am glad that I realized this now instead of later. I am enjoying myself and getting to live a less stressful life. I am so thankful to be able to share my story and hope that it will help everyone in some way. Remember that you are important just the way you are and that everyone should accept that, if they are your true friends. You are not a puppet and no one should expect that of you, if they respect your feelings and friendship! !!

The Effect of Divorce on Childrens Learning and Behavior Essay

The Effect of Divorce on Children's Learning and Behavior The effect of divorce on children?s learning and behavior is a major problem in today's society. Everyday, children everywhere deal with this issue. Nowhere is this displayed more prevalently than in our schools. Divorce hurts children more than parents realize. By the time they turn 18, approximately fifty to sixty percent of all children in the United States have been affected by divorce (Miller, 1). Divorce-related problems (e.g., visitation, child support, parental custody) can be ongoing sources of stress to children, even up to eight years after the initial separation. Children can be robbed of a special experience and protection called 'Family'. They move on in their lives as individuals without the understanding of what familial security and bond is. Children look out into the world and wonder why it has dealt them a cruel card in life. 'Why me' Why can?t it be Tim, the big bully. Surely he deserves it more than I do?!? (Ng, 1) There is a world of a difference between what one experiences in a healthy family versus one that is broken. The children of a broken family often feel rejected and or responsible for his or her parent?s breakdown in their marriage. When in reality, they are not, the parents are! Even if the child was a source of stress, it is the parents responsibility to find a way to deal with it. Besides rejection and guilt, children often feel abandoned by the two closest people in their world. It generally leaves scars that are difficult to heal. The child is left trying to understand why these two people cannot stay together and may even personalize the blame because they feel that they are not good enough to bring them back togeth... ...and self-regulation. Possibly the most important thing we can do is act as resources for the children. We have to try to ensure the success of the child and thus shape the future of mankind. References Leo, John (2000). The Sleepers Effect. U.S. News & World Report v29, no.13. Miller, Paul A. and Ryan, Patti (1999). Practical Strategies for Helping Children of Divorce in Today?s Classroom. Childhood Education v75, no. 5, 285-289. Newman, Gary. ?How Divorce Affects Children.? Family.com: Childsplay. n.d. 8 October 2000. . Ng, Danny. ?Broken-When Parents Split.? n.d. 8 October 2000. . Thornburg, Hershel D. (2000). Family Boundary Ambiguity. The Journal of Early Adolescents v20, no.3, 283-286.

Democracy And Democratic Education Education Essay

IntroductionWhen I worked in the Affiliated High School of National Chengchi University and observed the Forest School and The Seeding Experimental School in Taiwan, I found that in their specific acquisition atmosphere, the pupils can believe and move more creatively and critically. We can ever see their originative merchandises in the campus, such as verse forms, postings, pictures and statues. Furthermore, the schools are full of freedom, regard, trust and grasp, it is common to see their pupils spontaneously singing and dancing in campus. Due to these interesting findings, I started to inquire myself a inquiry: ‘are there any connexions between the democratic ambiance and the student ‘s creativeness? ‘ Further, ‘to what extent can the democratic attack to education support more originative acquisition? ‘ I later searched for the literature about the two constructs ; as a consequence, I found some valuable information about the connexions between demo cratic instruction and creativeness. However, it is rare to see the surveies that are straight look intoing the connexions between the two educational attacks ( democratic instruction and originative instruction ) , the motive to carry on this survey has hence emerged. In order to turn to the issue, this essay is designed to foremost research the nature of democracy, democratic instruction, and so creativeness and originative instruction. After researching those constructs, this survey turns to look into the connexions between democratic instruction and originative instruction, besides replying the inquiry that ‘how can a democratic attack to education support more originative acquisition? ‘ This paper is organised into the undermentioned three subdivisions: the first subdivision discusses democracy and democratic instruction, whereas the 2nd high spots the constructs of creativeness and originative instruction. In the 3rd portion, I chiefly use Rhodes ( 1961 ) Four Ps Model ( Person, Place, Process and Products ) of creativeness to analyse/ compare the two sorts of attacks to instruction, complementing with a treatment of two democratic schools in Taiwan – the Forest School and the Seeding Experimental School.Democracy and Democ ratic Education‘Two innovations of adult male must certainly be viewed as the most hard: the art of authorities and the art of instruction ‘ – Immanuel Kant, Kant on Education ( Ueber Padagogik ) Translated by Annette Churton ( 1992, p.12 ) Democracy can be applied to many contexts, from narrowly political position to loosely personal life. In political degree, Danziger ( 1998 ) stated that democracy is the leader of a state who is elected by all eligible citizens, as echt options to do some political determinations for the populace. Vanhannen ( 1997 ) further argued that as a political signifier, democratic society should hold different groups or parties every bit viing for power, every bit good as to be responsible to the people, through the manner of elections. John Calhoun ( paraphrased by Roper 1989 ) besides mentioned that democracy itself is non a bulk regulation but stand foring the public involvements and at the same time recognizing the minorities. On the other manus, sing democracy as an facet of life, Dewey ( 1916 ) stated that ‘Democracy is more than a signifier of authorities: it is chiefly a manner of associated life, a conjoint communicated experience ‘ . It is just to state that democracy ca n be regarded as a regulating power for a state, and all the people can fall in for doing its corporate involvements. In the same manner, holding the rights to do determinations would perchance impact their lives every bit good. Sing democratic instruction ( hereafter DE ) , it is believed that to set up, keep and develop of a democratic society, citizens ‘ engagement is needed, and taking to make this end citizens should be equipped with the cognition and therefore understand the values of democracy, and instruction has ever been regarded as a good mode. John Dewey, the male parent of progressive instruction, placed DE the premiss of his work in the early 20th century, as he claimed that in order to advance a state that genuinely valued democratic rules, all of its citizens must be empowered to prosecute in a democratic discourse. Greene ( 1995 ) mentioned in the book ‘Releasing the Imagination ‘ , proposing that the impression of instruction is to link with others, enabling people to develop high quality of democratic behaviors and to be communicative in their societies. Nussbaum ( 1997 ) stated that people should be antiphonal to others in order to raise their democratic achievements as citizens. Therefore instruction and schooling, in order to further future citizens the sense of democracy, is taking an of import function ( Dewey 1916 ; Gutmann, 1987 ; 1999 ) . In the tendency of prioritizing DE, many have attempted to do clear definition and happen its embedded aspects. Since DE is full of pluralism and complexness, after a long argument throughout the past decennaries, a by and large agreed definition has non been reached. However, I found that DE inherits most of the characteristics of democracy[ 1 ]and have been mentioned invariably, including a. freedom of pick, b. equal entree, c. shared duty, d. regard and trust, and e. student-centred acquisition. Sing the understandings made by DE related administrations, the 13th International Democratic Education Conference ( IDEC ) in Berlin 2005, clearly stated their understanding on DE that ‘in any educational scene, immature people have the right: 1. to make up one's mind separately how, when, what, where and with whom they learn, and 2. to hold an equal portion in the decision-making as to how their administrations – in peculiar their schools – are run, and which regulations and countenances, if any, are necessary ( www.idec2005.org ) . ‘ On the other manus, the European Democratic Education Community ( EUDEC ) stated that DE is ‘self-determined larning ‘ and ‘a larning community based on equality and common regard ‘ ( www.eudec.org, 2012 ) . As the facet of equality, in other words, equal entree, the instruction for low category of the society did non have public attending and go something for the Commonwealth until the nineteenth century, when Leo Tolstoy founded a school: merely for the peasant kids, where students are allowed to make up one's mind whether to come to school or listen to the instructors ( trans. Leo Wiener, 1967 ) . Sing the concluding facet of student-centred acquisition, Moswela ( 2010 ) pointed out that it is a good manner of democratizing their school and schoolroom acquisition: ‘placing the pupils in the Centre of learning embodies the rule of democracy ‘ . Learning is meaningful when subjects are relevant to the pupils ‘ involvements, the thought that pupils can take what and how to analyze is that merely when they have motive, they can actively build their ain cognition. Some basic democratic experiences are important in back uping pupils to show their ideas and thoughts Democra tic attack enables pupils to find their manner of lives and demands, which should be regarded every bit granted as a intent of instruction. In order to implement these thoughts, the democratic schools have been established in over 30 states. The UK has long been regarded as the innovator of democratic schooling, it is undeniable that the earliest democratic school that we have known, and still be, is Summerhill School.[ 2 ]It was founded in Germany in 1921, and moved to England subsequently on. The laminitis is A. S. Neill, a Scots pedagogue, who has written several books about the subject of democracy and democratic instruction, such as That Dreadful School ( 1937 ) , and Hearts Not Heads in the School ( 1945 ) . In fact, most of his books have later influenced many of the democratic schools founded subsequently on. The school tally as a democratic community, which means that the running of the school is conducted in the school meetings that every individual individual in this school are available to go to every bit good as to vote for the issues they addressed in the meetings. Sudbury Valley School, on the other manus, is another sort of democratic school that founded in the United States in 1968, which has been the theoretical account for a figure of Sudbury schools loosely around the universe. The theoretical account has three basic dogmas: a. educational freedom b. democratic administration, and c. personal duty. Students are allowed freely to set up their acquisition agenda, they believe that larning should be a personal attempt that based on single involvements, but non necessary to be experienced through classs or standard course of study ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sudval.org/index.html ) . In drumhead, there are assorted sorts of definitions of democracy and DE, nevertheless, five subjects have been found to be indispensable to both constructs, including a. freedom of pick, b. equal entree, c. shared duty and d. regard and trust. And, it should be noted that all the elements can lend to a more student-centred acquisition.Creativity and Creative EducationAlbert Einstein one time said that ‘Creativity is intelligence holding merriment ‘ , it is believed that creativeness is something instead absorbing and graphic, something kids ain since the really first twenty-four hours they were born. ‘All kids are creative persons. The job is how to stay an creative person one time he grows up. ‘ , said Pablo Picasso. Although many creative persons, authors and bookmans advocated the importance of creativeness, it is still a instead elusive one to trap down for research workers. Creativity, similar to democracy, is full of pluralism and complexness ; hence, b ecause it is highly hard to do clear definitions, some even argue that it has been unsuitably overused ( Abinun, 2012 ) . Therefore, it is suggested that creativeness should be explained in a clearer mode, and sometimes it varies in different contexts. However, most scholarly works agree that creativeness has two characteristics, viz. originality/novelty and usefulness/valuable ( Boden, 1999 ; Feist, 1999 ; Gruber & A ; Wallace, 1999 ; Lumsden, 1999 ; Lubart, 1999 ; Martindale, 1999 ; Nickerson, 1999 ) . Csikszentmihalyi, in add-on to originality and utility, advanced the construct and asserted that there is another indispensable characteristic of creativeness – execution ( Csikszentmihalyi & A ; Wolfe, 1995 ) . He suggested that it is of import to convey the advanced and utile thoughts into being. Similarly, Edwards stated in her book Pulling on the Right Side of the Brain ( 1979 ; 1989 ; 1999 ; 2012 ) that creativeness is ‘ †¦ the ability to happen new solutions to a job or new manners of look ; therefore it brings into being something new to the person and to the civilization. ‘ Rollo May ( 1975 ) besides had a similar account on creativeness, claiming that creativeness is the procedure of conveying new things or thoughts into world. Creativity can be invetigated by using many attacks. For illustration, Mayer ( 1999 ) asserted that it can be investigated through psychometric, experimental, biographical, biological, computational, and contextual ; whereas Ivcevic ( 2009 ) summarised that the attacks of single traits and beliefs, biological temperaments, interactions with environment, societal groups, situational elements, and inexplicit state of affairs are normally used. However, more bookmans agreed that the major methodological attacks, which have been employed from 1950s, are the undermentioned: a. personality ; b. knowledge ; c. ways to excite creativeness, and d. creativeness and societal systems ( Craft, 2001 ; Ryhammar and Brolin, 1999 ) . Research refering personality in creativeness embracings assorted facets, such as personality appraisal, personal traits, and personal motive. Two major attacks lending to the field are biographical and biological methodological analysiss. While the biographical attack has particular involvement in analyzing personal traits, biological methodological analysiss chiefly focus on the biological features of originative or non-creative individuals. Another attack, knowledge on the other manus, pays more attending to an person ‘s cognitive procedures, such as intelligence, unconsciousness, and mental procedures. Psychological and psychometries are the two major attacks of creativeness probe under the knowledge umbrella. Mayer ( 1999 ) concludes that while psychological research workers efforts to depict cognitive procedure involved in originative and non-creative thought, psychometries attacks try to develop creativeness related measurings or appraisals. The most well-known psychomet ries work is arguably Guilford ‘s attempts in 1950 and 1967 in mensurating to prove divergent thought. This is regarded as the starting point for all psychometric steps of creativeness. The 3rd major attack to creativeness research is to research the ways to excite creativeness. For illustration, knowledge psychologists advocate assorted signifiers of programmes for exciting participants ‘ thought procedures, whereas behaviourism research workers believe that creativeness is something that can be learnt from environment, something which like all other behaviors can be explained in footings of support, and be trained for in the stimulating-responding procedure. In contrast with these earlier developments, research into creativeness in the 1980s and 1990s became rooted in a societal psychological model, which recognises the of import function of societal constructions in furthering single creativeness ( Rhyammar & A ; Brolin, 1999, Jeffrey & A ; Craft, 2000 ) . This has been described as being a 4th, consistent country of survey ( Jeffrey & A ; Craft, 2000 ) : creativeness and societal systems, which is a more consistent model to transport out a co-ordinated set of surveies therefore is needed for switching focal point from one â€Å" specific dimension † such as personal traits to a â€Å" system † . Some research workers such as Csikszentmihalyi ( 1988, 1996, 1998, 2000a ) , Amabile ( 1983, 1996 ) , and Sternberg & A ; Lubart ( 1991, 1995 ) , hence advocate the survey of creativeness in the societal context. To the bookmans above, irrespective of whether creativeness is considered as a personal trait, originative behavior, co gnitive procedure, or something that can be trained, creativeness should be finally linked to societal contexts, and be understood through interaction procedures. Amabile was the first bookman to develop a theoretical account within a societal context. Amabile foremost published the Componential Model of Creativity in 1983, discoursing the societal influences on originative behaviour. The theoretical account can be regarded as the first one to comprehensively take into history cognitive, personality, motive, and societal influences on the originative procedure, and is besides the first to look into how these factors influence the different stairss in originative procedure. In Amabile ‘s ( 1983, 1996 ) theoretical account, creativeness is the originative production that emerges in a five stairss procedure, viz. : ( 1 ) job or undertaking designation ; ( 2 ) readying ; ( 3 ) response coevals ; ( 4 ) response proof ; and ( 5 ) result rating. Further, the procedure interacts with undertaking motive, domain-relevant accomplishments and creativeness relevant accomplishments. Figure 1.3 Amabile ‘s ( 1983 ; 1996 ) Componential Model Beginning: Amabile, T. M. ( 1996 ) . Creativity in context: Update to â€Å" The Social Psychology of Creativity. † ( p. 113 ) . Boulder, CO, US: Westview Press. Another societal context creativeness research worker Csikszentmihalyi investigates the relationship between creativeness and cultural development. Inspired by the procedure of species development, Csikszentmihalyi developed the DIFI[ 3 ]model in 1988. The DIFI model has three subsystems: person ; sphere ; and field, each of the subsystem interacts with others. Csikszentmihalyi revised the DIFI model and named it Systems Model of Creativity in 1999, and harmonizing to the theoretical account, creativeness can be best understood as a â€Å" meeting † of three subsystems[ 4 ]. The sphere includes a set of regulations and practises. Any civilization is composed of 1000s of independent spheres, and most human behavior or activities are affected by regulations of some spheres. An person is the most of import one from a psychological position. An single makes a fresh fluctuation in the content of a sphere and the fluctuation will be evaluated by the 3rd portion of the system, which is the field. The Fieldss are held by assorted gatekeepers, such as experts and bookmans, who have the right to take which fluctuations can be reserved in the spheres. McIntyre ( 2007 ) refers to Csikszentmihalyi ‘s analysis of creativeness as an synergistic system. Merely as air, kindling and a flicker are all vitally necessary to make fire. Csikzentmihalyi ( 1999 ) takes the place that creativeness means â€Å" the ability to add something new to the â€Å" civilization † . The creative activity by an single must be â€Å" sanctioned by some group entitled to do determinations as to what should or should non be included in the sphere † ( Figure1.4 ) . Figure 1.4 Csikszentmihalyi ( 1999 ) System Model of Creativity Beginning: Csikszentmihalyi ( 1999 ) . Deductions of a systems position for the survey of creativeness. In R. J. SternbergiEd. ) , Handbook of Creativity. United kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Sternberg and Lubart besides investigate creativeness in societal contexts, and hence developed the Investment Theory of Creativity in 1991. Unlike research workers like Csikszentmihalyi or Amabile who focus on depicting the subsystems and its interactions, Sternberg and Lubart have investigated the different factors that might act upon creativeness. The factors include intelligence, believing manners, personality, cognition, motive, and environment. Nonetheless, compared with other theoretical accounts suggested by Amabile or Csikszentmihalyi, Sternberg ‘s and Lubart ‘s Investment Theory of Creativity is simply a heuristic theoretical account, and it falls short on many elements. The inside informations of the operation and how different factors interact with each other still need to be clarified. â€Å" Buy low and sell high † is the nucleus construct of the investing theory, and originative people are those willing and able to purchase low and sell high in the k ingdom of thoughts[ 5 ]. Due to the word bound of this essay, I merely articulate the two more related attacks for current survey, including the ways to excite creativeness, aboard with creativeness and societal systems.Ways to Stimulate CreativitySince the 1950s, there has been a strong concern that instruction should prioritize the development of creativeness. Implicit in this is the premise that creativeness can be so influenced. Since so, a scope of efforts to excite creativeness have been developed, although there is, as Ryhammer & A ; Brolin ( 1999 ) point out, a serious deficiency of systematic, controlled ratings of such programmes. It is besides the instance that the methods and standards for measuring these are underpinned by differing theories of creativeness. In add-on, whether looking at efforts by cognitive psychologists, psychodynamicists, humanists or behaviorists, there is no grounds of transportation into new contexts. See the subdivision on patterned advance and development for farther tre atment of transportation issues. There was besides work done in the 1980s which suggested that early household duties and chances for independent action promote originative accomplishment and that creativeness developing programmes in schools are more effectual when teacher engagement is high ( Benjamin, 1984 ) .Creativity and Social SystemsBy contrast with these earlier developments, research into creativeness in the 1980s and 1990s became rooted in a societal psychological model which recognises the of import function of societal constructions in furthering single creativeness ( Rhyammar & A ; Brolin, 1999, Jeffrey & A ; Craft, 2000 ) . This has been described as being a 4th, consistent country of survey ( Jeffrey & A ; Craft, 2000 ) : creativeness and societal systems. Some important theories have been put frontward in which creativeness is seen from a systems position ( Cziksentmihalyi, 1998, Sternberg, 1998, Sternberg & A ; Lubart, 1991a, 1991b, 1995 ) , where assorted elements of the overall societal and cognitive context are seen as extremely relevant to the activity of making. Three major surveies were undertaken – 1 in Europe ( Ekvall, 1991, 1996 ) and two in the USA ( Amabile, 1988, Isaksen, 1995 ) – which explored the organizational climes which serve to excite creativeness. The consequences from these three programmes have converged at several major points, proposing that, in a originative clime, the participants in the administration: feel challenged by their ends, operations and tasksfeel able to take enterprises and to happen relevant informationfeel able to interact with othersfeel that new thoughts are met with support and encouragementfeel able to set frontward new thoughts and viewsexperience much argument within a prestige-free and unfastened environmentfeel uncertainness is tolerated and therefore risk-taking is encouraged.In add-on, Amabile ‘s ( 1983, 1996 ) theoretical account suggests that single creativeness may be affected by even really minor facets of the immediate societal environment ( relevant theoretical account please refer to appendix ) . For illustration, creativeness may be impeded where wagess are determined in progress, where there is undue clip force per unit area, over-supervision, competition or where picks are restricted in footings of attack or working stuffs, or where rating is expected. The function of the context or capable sphere has been progressively emphasised since the early 1990s. In 1970s, arguments on creativeness within doctrine regarded creativeness as traveling off from merchandise results and being connected with imagination ( Elliott, 1971 ) . During the 1980s a new line was developed, born of societal psychological science and systems theory, where environmental conditions were taken into history. Within these four lines of development, ( personality, knowledge, exciting creativeness and societal theories ) there were specific focal points such as the individ ual who creates, the originative procedure, environmental factors, and the result ( a fourfold set of focal point, originally proposed by Mooney in 1963 as indicated above ) . Later on, during the 1990s, due to the development of the attack from societal psychological science, research into creativeness became more comprehensive, incorporating these specific focal point. Research began to concentrate more on the creativeness of ordinary people within facets of instruction. At the same clip the methodological analysis for look intoing creativeness in instruction besides shifted, within a general tendency, from rationalist, large-scale surveies taking to mensurate creativeness, toward ethnographic, qualitative research concentrating on the existent site of operations and pattern, every bit good as philosophical treatments around the nature of creativeness. In instruction in the United Kingdom, for illustration, Beetlestone ( 1999 ) focused on creativeness in the early old ages ‘ schoolroom, Woods ( 1995 ) and Woods & A ; Jeffrey ( 1996 ) explored teacher creativeness, and Craft ( 1996 ) looked at how to nurture the originative instructor. Beetlestone paperss practical schemes for furthering creativeness within the early old ages course of study, utilizing illustrations from a big assortment of early old ages contexts. Woods & A ; Jeffrey work through in-depth instance surveies to document ways in which a little group of instructors operate creatively in the face of a wider context which arguably suppresses the creativeness of the instruction profession. Craft explores in deepness the positions of 18 pedagogues involved in a holistic graduate student class specifically designed to foster their ain creativeness. There are, of class, some convergences in these periods. For illustration, from the applied instruction context, Fryer ( 1996 ) undertook a large-scale study of instructors ‘ attitudes towards creativeness in their day-to-day professional work. Creative Education There is a strong principle for researching creativeness and acquisition and instruction: they are cardinal, interdisciplinary issues. Within instruction, creativeness is normally associated with invention, synthesis and doing connexions in the procedure of acquisition and instruction, ( Reid & A ; Petocz, 2004 ) . Robinson ( 2001 ) positions creativeness and originative drama as a planetary educational precedence, indispensable to effectual acquisition and instruction, the modernisation of our educational systems, employability, and concern success and economic prosperity. Howard Gardner defines creativeness as the ability to ‘knit together information from disparate beginnings into a consistent whole ‘ and believes that ‘the head most at premium in the 21st century will be the head that can synthesise good ‘ ( Gardner, 2006, p.46 ) . The penetrations and deductions in developing creativeness through instruction can be scrutinized into three facets. The first facet is concerned with ‘teaching ‘ , including how to supply originative and advanced patterns which stimulate the development of multiple intelligence ( Armstrong, 2000 ; Chen, 1997 ; Torrance, 1963 ; Torrance & A ; Myers, 1970 ; Woods, 1995 ) , possibility thought ( Craft, 2000, 2005 ) , and higher-level thought ( Cropley, 1992 ; Fryer, 1996 ; Yeh, 2006 ) , or how to affect the chance of researching and work outing jobs ( Cropley, 1992 ; Fryer, 1996, 2003 ; Torrance, 1963 ) . The 2nd facet of the deductions suggests making an ‘environment ‘ , both external and societal, that is exciting and supportive to scholars ‘ motivation/enthusiasm ( Collins & A ; Amabile, 1999 ; Hennesay, 1995, 2007 ; Woods & A ; Jeffrey, 1996 ) and originative behavior ( Craft, 2001a ; Esquivel, 1995 ; Lucas, 2001 ; Torrance, 1995 ) . The 3rd concern of fostering creativeness is about ‘teacher ethos ‘ , which includes keeping an unfastened attitude towards originative thoughts or behaviors, demoing a humanistic student control political orientation ( as opposed to being autocratic ) , being flexible, and valuing independency thought ( Chen, 2008 ; Craft, 2001a, 2005, 2007 ; Cremin, Barnes, & A ; Scoffham, 2009 ; Esquivel, 1995 ; Hennessey, 1995 ; NACCCE, 1999 ) . Many states have hence launched several programmes advancing invention and creativeness, such as the European Union embarked on a undertaking called European Year of Creativity and Innovation 2009[ 6 ]. In the specific country of instruction, Burnard ( 2006 ) mentioned that in the United Kingdom there have been an extended figure of creativeness enterprises in instruction during the past decennary, and important public deliberation and promotion around the creativeness. Significant sum of attempt and support devoted to gestating and developing creativeness in both acquisition and teaching method. Some creativeness instruction programmes can besides be found in other states. It should be noted that many believe the developments of creativeness instruction programmes in the UK ( including England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland ) have to a great extent based on the NACCCE ‘s ( National Advisory Committee on Culture, Creativity, and Education ) study to OFSTED in 1999, viz. â€Å" All our Futures, Creativity, Culture, and Education † . Similarly, in Taiwan, the Chinese Ministry of Education ( MOE ) published the ‘White Paper on Creative Education[ 7 ]‘ in 2002, aimed at steering the populace to endeavor toward a ‘Republic of Creativity ‘ ( MOE, 2002, p. 1 ) . Taiwan accordingly launched creativeness programmes in instruction at primary, secondary, and third degrees. The MOE proposed 10 rules so that creativeness instruction could be implemented more strictly and efficaciously. Harmonizing to the 10 rules, 20 schemes were developed, which can be categorised into four wide dimensions-School, Societal, Industrial, and Cultural. In order to implement these schemes more expeditiously, the MOE proposed that six action programs be initiated to actively advance creativeness instruction in our society. For illustration, the Creative High School Programme and Intelligent Ironman Creativity Contest are executed at secondary instruction degree, whilst the Local Creative Education Programme is performed in primary schools. Reviewing the ‘White Paper on Creative Education ‘ , it is found that Taiwan has complex aims refering schools and instructors. There are six action programs stated in the paper ( p.16~p.19 ) as follows: a. Nurturing trips for originative scholars ; B. Professional development for originative instructors ; c. Comprehensive direction for originative schools ; d. Creative life in action ; e. Online acquisition via a originative intelligence bank ; and f. Ongoing consolidation of creativeness cultivation. Ultimately, the MOE purposes to make a user-friendly environment and clime for the publicity of participants ‘ divergent thought and motive for invention, every bit good as to promote them to bask the making procedure. Alongside with the outlook on po sitive alterations in the attitudes or behaviors of all instructors, students, and originative practicians, the MOE besides wants to see some merchandises come out from its intercession. With respect to the effectivity of the creativeness enterprises, some publications in Taiwan revealed that the publicity of related programmes have brought important benefits to pedagogues, pupils, parents, schools, and even for our educational system and society.Dancing with Democracy and Creativity: How can a democratic attack to education support more originative acquisition?By using Rhodes ( 1961 ) Four Ps Model and the creativeness theories suggested by Csikszentmihalyi ( 1999 ) and Amabile ( 1983, 1996 ) , this subdivision critically analyses the connexions of democratic attacks and originative acquisition. The two instance schools of Taiwan- Forest School and Seeding School will besides used to back up the statement. The Four Ps Model was foremost claimed by Rhode ( 1961 ) that creativeness can be understood by Person, Place/ Press, Process and Product. I found that, based on the theoretical account, there are a broad scope of similarities between the two sorts of instruction. First, sing Person, people are ever the most of import portion in instruction, particularly in democratic and creativeness attacks. It is reported that many personality features are typically associated with creativeness, including brave in strong beliefs ; funny, seeking ; independent in opinion ; independent in believing ; intuitive ; going preoccupied with undertakings ; airy, idealistic ; willing to take hazards ( Torrance, 1965 ; Csikszentmihalyi, 1976 ; Simonton, 1984 ) . Interestingly, most of the features are someway, to some extent, related to the purposes of democratic instruction. For illustration, the intent of democratic instruction is to fit people with the ability to understand their nature involvements, and to hold the ability to separate right from incorrect, so that they can keep the democratic society every bit good as the system. It is about furthering kids with the ability to believe independently and critically. Last, ‘student-centred ‘ instruction is both pursued by the two attacks, which can be described as the displacement in power from the instructor to the scholar, driven by a demand for a alteration in the traditional environment ( Rogers, 1983 ) . Nonetheless, until now there are still many schoolrooms which are seen as teacher-directed ( Young, 1984 ) , and this seems to be harmful to pupils ‘ creativeness. Place/ Press refers to the relationship between you and your environment – those things pressing on you, including physical, psychological, societal and emotional safety and comfort in your environment, which besides help or impede your creativeness. In originative acquisition, it is suggested that a alimentary environment should be constructed for stimulating and back uping scholars ‘ motivation/enthusiasm ( Collins & A ; Amabile, 1999 ; Hennesay, 1995, 2007 ; Woods & A ; Jeffrey, 1996 ) and originative behavior ( Craft, 2001a ; Esquivel, 1995 ; Lucas, 2001 ; Torrance, 1995 ) . Furthermore, in Csikszentmihalyi or Amabile ‘s theories, motive is suggested to be indispensable for creativeness. Similarly, democratic instruction besides advocates the publicity of scholars ‘ motive, particularly the intrinsic 1, as they can follow their ain inner counsel in finding what and how they are traveling to larn. More than the physical scenes, the ethos – a common respected and trusted clime is indispensable to both originative and democratic attacks. Merely as pointed by Inter American Children ‘s Institute ( 2009 ) and Hanson & A ; Howe ( 2011 ) , it is needed for a civics instruction to demand of its pupils to be reciprocally respected, besides grownups and kids are more likely to develop common regard and learn to treat struggles. In originative acquisition, to keep an unfastened attitude towards originative thoughts or behaviors, demoing a humanistic student control political orientation ( as opposed to being autocratic ) , being flexible, and valuing independent thought ( Chen, 2008 ; Craft, 2001a, 2005, 2007 ; Cremin, Barnes, & A ; Scoffham, 2009 ; Esquivel, 1995 ; Hennessey, 1995 ; NACCCE, 1999 ) . The 3rd facet is Process ; it explains the method and pattern that is used to do people more originative. In school scene, procedure largely uses to mention instruction, includes how to supply originative and advanced patterns which stimulates the development of multiple intelligence ( Armstrong, 2000 ; Chen, 1997 ; Torrance, 1963 ; Torrance & A ; Myers, 1970 ; Woods, 1995 ) , and to affect the chance of researching and work outing job ( Cropley, 1992 ; Fryer, 1996, 2003 ; Torrance, 1963 ) . Fryer mentioned that some instruction ways are helpful in fostering creativeness in schoolroom, including ‘encouraging inquiries ‘ , ‘providing firsthand experiences ‘ , ‘giving some pick ‘ , ‘building assurance ‘ , ‘developing creativeness by non making, and ‘valuing students ‘ thoughts and parts ‘ . I found that four major subjects are every bit of import to both originative and democratic instructions, including freedom an d duty, regard and trust. Sing freedom, it is believed that students have the capacity to ‘developing creativeness by non making ‘ . Fryer ( 1996 ) stated that in the interviews with five instructors, the instructors noted that non-interference aids: â€Å" If you ‘re seeking to develop creativeness in immature kids, you set up tonss of things and you hope they will interact with them, you talk about what they ‘re making and demo involvement, but you do n't make everything for them, there ever has to be an gap left for them. † ( ibid, 1996, p.83 ) Duty, in the portion of giving some pick to kids, instructors believe that if students are given pick, their attitude to a piece of work will be more originative. Some of these instructors even see pick as a agency of giving kids a sense of ownership of their work, which they find additions their engagement in it. In some sense, this is about doing students take duty for their work. They have their ain determination of what to make and how to make it, . Refering Respect and Trust, it is widely believed that promoting pupils to inquire inquiries is one of the cardinal points in development of creativeness ( Torrance, 1965 ) . Young ( twelvemonth ) suggested that instructors should be really careful to every treatment from every pupil in the schoolroom, but non being selective to those, which did non back up their thoughts or statements. Which means, regard. It is, in fact, the same thought which democratic instruction is underscoring, to be respectful, and promote pupils to hold inqui ries is a manner to reflect that how grownups are giving infinites to allow kids show themselves. On the other manus, regard should non merely be between grownups and kids, but should besides be among students. It is believed in instructors who are seeking to advance creativeness in category that valuing students ‘ thoughts and parts is besides indispensable. Teachers should value all of their students thoughts and ideas, every bit good as to learn their pupils to be respectful to others in the category. Merchandise, no affair whether touchable or intangible, originative thoughts, results or merchandises are new to the Godhead, has some degree of usefulness, and has been produced and communicated in some manner. The merchandise could be seen as the least related portion between democratic and originative attacks. No affair how the environment is fostering a student ‘s creativeness, or how the attack in democratic instruction is exciting more originative thought, it is still in demand of specific accomplishments in order to make a merchandise that can be valued by others, for case, one has to cognize some basic music theories in order to compose a vocal, or to larn how to pull in oil pigments before really pigment in oils. Therefore, in order to make more originative acquisition, some other elements should be incorporate into democratic instruction, including originative accomplishments and specific sphere knowledgeaˆÂ ¦ etc.The two instances in Taiwan:The Forest School and The Seeding Experimental School‘Here, instructors, pupils and animate beings are equal. No 1 bullies the Canis familiariss here. ‘ ( Teresa Hong, pupil of FS ) . Because ‘Humans are animate beings excessively, so we ‘re all equal. ‘ ( Ellen Wei, another pupil of FS ) The Forest School ( FS ) in Taiwan offers a different manner of instruction concentrating on creativeness, harmoniousness with nature and independent thought ( Teh, 2006 ) . The school have around 60 pupils in entire, and their town hall meeting ( the meeting that is held to put up school ordinances ) is chaired by the pupils themselves. Bing the really first alternate school in Taiwan, FS has long been confronting a figure of troubles and critics from the society and parents who do non truly understand their rules of schooling. As a school based on humanitarianism, they believe it is merely when schools stop bodily penalty will the childs can bask their survey every bit good as their school lives. Located in a mountain country in Taipei, FS believe that pupils should populate with nature and develop independent thought. ‘We hope that kids in this school can finally go person with the ability to pass on and to populate independently, besides to develop their personality in a more positive and kind-hearted manner. ‘ ( Lin, manager of the FS, 2011 ) . They besides pointed out that it is truly of import for pupils to cognize more about their place state, so one of the one-year classs in FS is to go around Taiwan with instructors. For illustration, in some countryside topographic points pupils really involved in agriculture, this provides them the first manus experience and cognition alternatively of reading them in a text edition. It is besides believed that the existent life experience can broaden their skyline and assist them to be more originative. The Seeding Experimental School ( SES ) locates in a vale surrounded by mountains, which is a school founded by a group of parents who are seeking for a better instruction for their kids ( Currently SES has approximately 90 pupils with 9 instructors in school, which makes their teacher-student ratio of 1:10 ) . Whilst visiting SES, one bookman noticed a miss sitting on the grass entirely. He thought she might hold some issues so he went nearer, but when he stepped following to the miss, he heard she said, ‘Come. Let ‘s bask the sunlight. ‘ Then he saw a smiling with felicity on her face. SES believes that freedom, regard, response, support, openness, trust and democracy should be integrated both into course of study and ordinary life in campus. Merely the topics of linguistic communication and mathematics are mandatory, and pupils are free to take to analyze in an advanced degree if they believe they have the ability. At the last twelvemonth in this school, pupils have to make something before graduating, and they are allowed to make up one's mind their subject or topic ; besides, they will hold to complete a challenge, such as encampment and hike in a mountain, or travel on a trip by siting a motorcycle. Apart from this, there is nil that pupils in SES have to make or hold to larn. They write a composing because they were inspired by the creek in forepart of the campus, or they sing because they were touched by flowers on the trees ; and that is the purpose of the SES: to love, to populate, to larn, to make ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.seedling.tw/ ) . FS and SES are both categorised as alternate school, and more exactly, democratic school in Taiwan. Hence, it is sensible for them to incorporate all the indispensable elements of democratic instruction, that I came up with on page XY, into their schooling, among them freedom of pick, regard and trust, shared administration and duty, equal entree and pupil centred acquisition ( can be seen on Table x.x ) . However, the thought of equal entree can non be wholly actualised, it is impossible for all the Chinese kids to analyze at that place, as the tuition fee is about 10,000 USD for an academic twelvemonth, in contrast, the tuition to go to a public school is less than 700 USD. In fact, ideally, the school should supply the high quality instruction for a bigger population of pupils ; nevertheless, their budgets do non let them to do it possible. Bing private self-funded schools, the entire tuition fees the two schools received are less than 2/3 of their outgo on schooling. Rather than trying to procure some support from the authorities, the two schools choose to be to the full self-funded to guarantee their independent place without any governmental influence. Sing the student ‘s originative public presentation, it has been reported repeatedly that their schooling can advance creativeness ( Yuan, 1994 ; Chang, 1999 ; Teh, 2006 ) . By utilizing the Four Ps Model to analyze their schooling, I found that the democratic instruction enables the pupil to come out with originative thoughts and merchandises. With respect to topographic point and procedure, the thoughts of freedom, regard and trust, shared administration and duty are employed throughout their schooling. Refering the facet of individual, it is all about freedom of pick, because the pupils can make up one's mind what and how to larn, they become more self-motivated, which is an indispensable component for making. These three Ps, individual, topographic point and procedure work with democratic instruction absolutely, and therefore build a good foundation for the students to do something both advanced and valuable. However, if we use the creativeness theories of Csikszentmihalyi and Amabile to analyze the two schools, some sphere cognition ( such as the cognition of linguistic communication, mathematics, scientific discipline ) and creativeness relevant accomplishments ( such as divergent thought and convergent thought ) are besides needed. Democracy Creativity Freedom Respect & A ; Trust Equal Access Duty Person Students are allowed to find their acquisition that are triggered by intrinsic motive, which has been proved as an of import factor to better creativeness Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’ Teachers and staffs have faith in kids and believe that they have the ability to do the right determinations. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’i?’ Ideally, every kid should hold the equal entree to analyze at these schools Forest i?â€Å"iˆ Seeding i?â€Å" With more freedom in doing determination, pupils are besides holding more duty towards their plants. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’i?’ Topographic point An environment without restrictions halting them from researching anything new. Students are allowed to believe and move freely and go more originative minds. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’ i?’ Adults and kids are mutual-respected in the topographic point that full of regard and trust every bit good as grasp. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’i?’ An environment that opens to everyone. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’i?’ School governed by grownups and kids together, so that pupils can really find something that is act uponing their school lives. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’ i?’ Procedure Teachers provide stimulation and alimentary ethos that facilitate the student ‘s thought. In order to allow the students think more creatively, critically and independently, instructors choose non to make everything for them. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’i?’ Teachers encourage and value every inquiry that has been asked in category, every bit good as every pupil ‘s plants. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’i?’ Children and instructors have equal power in the determination devising for learning and larning Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’ i?’ The manner of sharing the authorization every bit good as duty with kids is one sort of methods to do pupils experience more involved. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’ i?’ Merchandise Students have the rights to make their ain merchandises such as verse forms, Hagiographas, pictures, statues, vocalizing, and dance. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’i?’ Creative thoughts and merchandises are extremely valued and appreciated. Furthermore, the schools cherish and have willingness to show the merchandises Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’ i?’ Not applicable Not applicableDecisionIn this paper I wanted to look into aˆÂ ¦ By reexamining the scholarly plants, I found that, although the significances are somewhat different in the constructs of democracy and democratic instruction, some common characteristics have been clearly stated including freedom, regard and trust, equal entree and shared administration and duty. Some outstanding illustrations of democratic schools are the Summerhill School and Sands School in England, and those later established 1s including the Forest School and the Seeding Experimental School in Taiwan. Creativity is full of pluralism and complexness, although it is ‘notorious hard to specify and step ‘ ( Runco, 2004 ) , late many research workers indicate that the cardinal elements of it are novel/originality and valuable/usefulness ( Boden, 1999 ; Feist, 1999 ; Gruber & A ; Wallace, 1999 ; Lumsden, 1999 ; Lubart, 1999 ; Martindale, 1999 ; Nickerson, 1999 ) . For heightening creativeness, a broad sc ope of subjects have been introduced into instruction, demuring the often cited Four Ps Model ( 1961 ) , still others such as cognitive, psychodynamic, humanitarianism and behaviorism attacks. However, a more dynamic attack emerged late, viz. the perusal of creativeness though societal contexts, sing creativeness as the results appear in a status of dynamic interaction, for illustration, the Systems Model of Creativity, which was suggested by Csikszentmihalyi ( twelvemonth ) , claimed that creativeness appears when the three subsystems including single, sphere and field work together. Analyzing the literature of democratic instruction and originative instruction, non surprisingly, there are many overlapping facets. By the employment of the Four Ps Model ( Place/Press, Process, Person and Product ) to analyze their connexions, I found that the most similarities are in the facets of place/press and procedure, for illustration, they both pursue a more broad clime, preferring the more student-centred acquisition, prioritizing more weights on the pupil ‘s freedom, voice and creative activity, furthermore, they both seek for a mutual-respected environment. Broadly talking, when sing creativeness as ‘Mini-C ‘ – novel and personal meaningful reading of experiences, actions and events ( Beghetto and Kaufman, 2007 ) , or merely simple as what Piaget said ‘To understand is to contrive ‘ , or the celebrated citation from Dewey ‘Learning by making ‘ , so, creativeness can be a procedure or merchandise that happens as a consequen ce of a strictly democratic instruction. Similarly, humanist Maslow one time argued that what pedagogues need is supplying a alimentary environment assisting the students to ‘climb ‘ to the highest degree of its hierarchy of demands – self-actualisation, where creativeness, job resolution, morality and democracy appear. That is, democratic instruction can be regarded as a necessary status every bit good as a sufficient status for creativeness. However, when we see creativity as Big-C ( high creativeness ) or Little-C ( mundane creativeness ) , which means that creativeness demands to be evaluated or valued by others. The democratic instruction may non be regarded as sufficient status but a really supportive factor for creativeness. It can be seen as a basis for originative acquisition, for illustration, no affair Csikszentmihalyi, Amabile or Sternberg all suggest that environment is a important factor lending to the successful creativeness, and the democratic environment can work with creativity instruction absolutely. Nonetheless, for the research workers, creativeness is something more directional and functional. It relies on job designation and bring forthing thoughts to its terminal, that is, creativeness still needs to hold some back uping elements such as cognition, domain-relevant accomplishments and creativity-relevant accomplishments. In other words, democratic instruction can be supportive to more originative acq uisition by building a back uping environment and a more student- centred acquisition, but, in order to do more originative merchandises ( particularly those are extremely valued by others ) , the proviso of cognition and relevant accomplishments are every bit of import. Mention